发现“文化”——启蒙运动与现代文化理论的起源  

To Discover"Culture"--The Enlightenment and Origins of Modern Cultural Theory

作　　者：单世联 Shan ShiLian

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学媒体与传播学院

出　　处：《天津社会科学》2024年第4期21-35,174,175,共17页Tianjin Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“习近平总书记关于世界百年未有之大变局和中华民族伟大复兴战略全局的重要论述研究”(项目号:20&ZD005)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：文化与人类俱生,但意识到有一个相对独立的“文化”领域,意识到需要一门相对独立的“新科学”也即文化科学来研究这个领域,却是重大的思想事件和文化行动。西方的文化自觉发生在启蒙时代。启蒙塑造了西方现代文化,也激活了对自身的质疑、反思和批判。当代研究更多将苏格兰启蒙运动的“人的科学”而不是法国传统的“理性至上”作为启蒙运动的核心原则。但只要“人的科学”还是以自然科学为典范,它就仍然是不充分、不真实的。维柯、卢梭、赫尔德和柏克更鲜明、更直接地坚持人造物与自然界的不同并以此为论述的起点,反对以自然科学的方法来研究“人”并探索了独立的人文研究方法,他们的理论是启蒙运动“人的科学”的扩展版。经过浪漫主义的集聚和马克思、韦伯等人的推动,维柯等人所奠定的文化理论在当代已经是一个显赫的学术思想论域,但面临两个根本性挑战:如何在广泛论题之中确立文化理论的统一性?如何在世界文化化、文本化的同时维护并面向自然和物质?维柯等人的“发现”依然有着解决当代问题的理论潜力。Culture is innate to human beings.However,it is a major ideological event and cultural action to realize that there is a relatively independent"cultural"field and that a relatively independent"new science",namely,cultural science,is needed and put into practice.Western cultural consciousness occurred in the age of Enlightenment.The Enlightenment shaped modern western culture and activated the questioning,reflection,and criticism of itself.Contemporary research takes"The Science of Man"of the Scottish Enlightenment more than the"Rationality First"of the French tradition as the core principle of the Enlightenment.However,as long as"The Science of Man"is established according to the natural science model,it is still incomplete and unreal.Vico,Rousseau,Herder,and Burke more clearly and directly insisted on the difference between man-made objects and nature and took this as the starting point of their discussion;they opposed the study of"The Science of Man"with the method of natural science and explored the method of independent humanistic research.Their cultural theory is an expanded version of the Enlightenment of"The Science of Man".With the gathering of romanticism and the promotion of Marx,Weber,and others,the cultural theory established by Vico and others has become a prominent academic field in contemporary times,but it is faced with two fundamental challenges:how to find the unity of cultural theory in a wide range of topics?how to protect nature and material quality while the world is culturally and textually oriented?The"discoveries"of Vico and others still has theoretical potential to solve contemporary problems.

关 键 词：文化 文化科学 启蒙运动 人的科学 维柯 卢梭 赫尔德 柏克 

分 类 号：K14[历史地理—历史学] G02[历史地理—世界史] K061[文化科学]