近代汉语时期能性述补结构“V得(不得)”用法研究  

Research on the Use of Potential Verb-complement Construction“V de(bu de)”in Modern Chinese

作　　者：田永苹 TIAN Yongping(School of Humanities,XuZhou University of Technology,XuZhou 221018,China)

机构地区：[1]徐州工程学院人文学院,江苏徐州221018

出　　处：《东莞理工学院学报》2024年第4期50-56,共7页Journal of Dongguan University of Technology

基　　金：国家哲学社会科学基金项目“基于大型语料库的汉语非组构性历时演变与语言演变规律研究”(18ZDA291)。

摘　　要：晚唐五代时期大多数“V得(不得)”依赖未然语境表达能性语义,少数“V得(不得)”可以用于具有现实性特征的惯常句中。宋、金、元时期“V不得”开始用于已然的事态句中,标志着能性述补结构“V得(不得)”彻底摆脱对未然语境的依赖,发展成熟。近代汉语时期能性述补结构“V得(不得)”表达能力、条件可能、道义许可、认识可能四种语义。V可以是自主性动词,也可以是非自主性动词,宾语可以是简单的名词、代词,也可以是复杂的主谓、动宾、状中结构。宋、金、元时期出现“程度副词+V得”结构,程度副词为主观大量程度副词,表示人具有某种“强能力”,明清时期该结构增多,程度副词仍以主观大量程度副词为主,但极少数非主观大量程度副词也可以用于该结构,除表示人具有某种“强能力”义外,还可以表示经济状况。清后期,“V得(不得)”使用数量锐减,现在普通话中已很少使用,但保留在南方方言中。In the late Tang and Five Dynasties,most of“V de(bu de)”depended on the irrealis context to express possible meaning,only a few of“V de(bu de)”can be used in the realistic characteristics habitual sentences.In Song,Jin and Yuan Dynasties,“V bu de”can be used in realis sentences,this symbolized the potential verb-complement construction“V de(bu de)”developed maturely.In Modern Chinese,the potential verb-complement construction“V de(bu de)”expressed ability,conditional possibility,obligation permission,and epistemic possibility.The V can be autonomous verb or non-autonomous verb,the object can be noun,pronoun or subject-predicate construction,verb-object construction,adverbial-head construction.In Song,Jin and Yuan Dynasties,the“Degree adverb+V de”structure appeared,and the degree adverb was the subjective large quantity degree adverb,the structure expressed the“strong ability”.In the Ming and Qing Dynasties,the structure“Degree adverb+V de”increased,the degree adverb was mainly the subjective large quantity degree adverb,but very few non-subjective large quantity degree adverb could appear in the structure.Except for the expression of“strong ability”,the structure also expressed economic situation.In the late Qing Dynasties,the potential verb-complement construction“V de(bu de)”reduced,it is rarely used in Standard Chinese,but it is retained in Southern dialects.

关 键 词：近代汉语 能性述补结构 “V得(不得)” 

分 类 号：H146.3[语言文字—汉语]