论公法责任承担对合同无效的阻却  

On the Negation of Invalidity of Contracts Caused by Public Law Responsibility

作　　者：谭佐财 Tan Zuocai

机构地区：[1]华中科技大学法学院

出　　处：《法学》2024年第8期132-145,共14页Law Science

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(项目号:2024WKYXQN001)之成果。

摘　　要：《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国民法典〉合同编通则若干问题的解释》第16条第1款新设承担行政责任或者刑事责任等公法责任可以阻却违法合同无效之规则,面临解释论上的难题。准确适用该规则需要处理公法责任与合同无效的关系,二者均具有制裁性,但合同无效制裁相较于公法制裁应秉持谦抑性原则。在规范功能上,该规则可以构成纪律处罚等其他责任承担阻却合同无效的类推依据,亦能阻却背俗型合同无效。选择合同无效制裁抑或公法制裁的关键在于妥当确定强制性规定的目的,并以比例原则衡量实现强制性规定目的的方式。即使承担公法责任足以实现强制性规定的目的,这也仅起到有效推定的效果,还需将公序良俗作为检验合同有效的标准,并在程序上通过司法建议、诉讼中止程序确保强制性规定的管制目的不至于因合同有效而落空。In Article 16(1)of the Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on the General Provisions of the Contract Part of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China,the new rule that bearing public law liability such as administrative liability or criminal liability can prevent the invalidation of illegal contracts is faced with difficulties in interpretation.The accurate application of this rule needs to deal with the relationship between public law liability and contract invalidity,both of which have sanction,but the sanction of contract invalidity should uphold the principle of modesty compared with the sanction of public law.In terms of normative function,this rule can constitute the analogical basis for other responsibilities such as disciplinary punishment to prevent the contract from being invalid,and can also prevent the invalidation of non-conventional contracts.The key to choosing between contractual void sanctions and public law sanctions is to properly determine the purpose of the mandatory provision and to measure the means of achieving the purpose of the mandatory provision in accordance with the principle of proportionality.Even if the responsibility of public law is sufficient to achieve the purpose of mandatory provisions,it only has the effect of effective presumption.It is also necessary to take public order and good customs as the standard to test the validity of contracts,and to ensure that the control purpose of mandatory provisions will not be disappointed because of the validity of contracts through judicial suggestions and litigation suspension procedures.

关 键 词：违法合同无效 公法责任 公共利益 强制性规定 比例原则 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]