清代河工用木与黄淮地区生态衰变  

The Wood Utilization in River Engineering during the Qing Dynasty and Ecological Degradation in the Huang-Huai Region

作　　者：马俊亚 MA Jun-ya

机构地区：[1]南京大学历史学院

出　　处：《河北学刊》2024年第5期94-105,共12页Hebei Academic Journal

基　　金：2017年度国家社会科学基金重大招标项目“大运河与中国古代社会研究”(17ZDA184)。

摘　　要：明中期以后,江、淮、河、济被人为地糅合到了一起。清承明制,为维持淆乱的黄河、淮河和人工的洪泽湖、运河等巨型水体,不得不连年致力于无与伦比的治水活动,木料等物资的消耗几近天文数字。官员们为了自利,不断造灾兴工,更使各项河工犹如西西弗斯役作,繁劳无功,没有底止。清廷解决绝大多数国计民生事务时,摒弃市场机制,不扩展资源增量,而是动用权力,盘剥资源存量,造成民尽国空的结局。清廷对柳株实行官营,使得官柳根残本枯,甚至一树无存。曾经富庶的黄淮地区生态严重衰竭,民众面临着严重的燃料危机,妇孺花费大量的时间用于捡拾残草剩叶,甚至生饮冷食。平民百姓不但蒙受产尽财绝的重负,更惨遭生态衰败的折磨。After the mid-Ming period,the Yangtze,Huai,Yellow,and Ji rivers were artificially integrated.Following the Ming system,the Qing Dynasty had to engage in unparalleled water control activities year after year to maintain control over the chaotic Yellow River,Huai River,as well as artificial bodies of water like Hongze Lake and canals.The consumption of materials such as wood reached astronomical figures.Officials,driven by self-interest,continually created disasters and embarked on extensive projects,rendering various river engineering efforts akin to Sisyphus,toiling in vain without end.When addressing the majority of state affairs and people’s livelihoods,the Qing court,abandoning market mechanisms,did not expand resource increments but wielded power to exploit existing resources,resulting in the depletion of resources and the eventual exhaustion of the country.The Qing court implemented state-run willow planting,leading to the devastation of official willow roots and even the total loss of willow trees.The once prosperous ecological system in the Huang-Huai region severely deteriorated,and the people faced a serious fuel crisis,spending a significant amount of time collecting leftover grass and leaves.Even cold meals became a luxury,and common people not only bore the burden of depleted production and wealth but also suffered from the torment of ecological degradation.

关 键 词：黄淮地区 河务 柳束 官营 林业 生态 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学] K252[历史地理—中国史]