人工智能刑事责任的功能主义形塑  

Functionalist Shaping of Criminal Liability in Artificial Intelligence

作　　者：赵书霖 ZHAO Shu-lin(China University of Political Science and Law School of Criminal Justice,Beijing 100088,China)

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学刑事司法学院,北京100088

出　　处：《时代法学》2024年第4期63-78,共16页Presentday Law Science

摘　　要：在存在论视野下,自由意志是人工智能刑事责任建构路径中难以突破的藩篱。自由意志的先验性、不可知性导致其认定过程僭越了刑法本身的研究框架,当下主流的刑事责任建构方案陷入了物本逻辑误区。刑事责任的判断应着眼于规范目的,功能责任论中犯罪主体、自由意志乃至罪责原则的不必要性值得借鉴。在责任建构维度,存在以“归属”消解冲突的必要性是刑事责任的检验标准。在以“规范可交谈性”限缩纯粹功能责任论的主体范围后,强人工智能和特定领域中的ChatGPT等生成式人工智能具备可遣责性。在制裁方案维度,功能主义的刑事制裁方式应当以目的为中心贯通适用,并在“三轨制”刑事制裁体系中以“物”之属性接受归责。“删除数据、修改程序、永久销毁”等构想能够在《刑法》第64条中实现教义学嵌入,作为人工智能刑事责任的实际兑现方案。From the perspective of“Doctrine of Being”,free will is a barrier that is difficult to break through in the construction path of criminal responsibility in artificial intelligence.The apriority and unknowability of free will lead to the process of its identification exceeding the research framework of criminal law itself,and the current mainstream criminal responsibility construction scheme fall into the misunderstanding of material-based logic.The judgment of criminal responsibility should focus on the normative purpose,and the non-necessity of the criminal subject,free will and even the principle of crime responsibility in the theory of functional responsibility is worth learning.In the dimension of responsibility construction,the necessity of“belonging”to resolve the conflict is the test standard of criminal responsibility.By limiting the subject scope of pure functional responsibility theory with“normative conversability”,generative AI such as strong AI and ChatGPT in specific fields are imputable.In the dimension of sanction scheme,the functionalist criminal sanction method should be applied with purpose as the center,and be attributed to the attribute of“thing”in the“three-track”criminal sanction system.Ideas such as“deletion of data,modification of procedures,permanent destruction”can be embedded in Article 64 of the Criminal Code as a practical implementation of the criminal responsibility of artificial intelligence.

关 键 词：人工智能 功能责任论 机能主义 刑事制裁 刑事特别没收 

分 类 号：D924.1[政治法律—刑法学]