美国对华制裁的演化趋势、国际法检视及中国因应  

The U.S.Sanctions Against China:Evolutionary Trends,International Law Analysis,and China’s Response

作　　者：霍政欣[1] 鄢雨虹 Huo Zhengxin;Yan Yuhong(School of International Law,China University of Political Science and Law,Beijing 100088,China)

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学国际法学院,北京100088

出　　处：《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2024年第7期27-43,共17页Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目(23AFX024);中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2023M743915)。

摘　　要：20世纪90年代以来,美国对华制裁经历了三个阶段,呈现出从以偶发性制裁为主到有针对性地扩大次级制裁并引入更多类型的初级制裁,再到升级并更新对华制裁措施的演化趋势,且正在综合采用次级制裁、报复性关税、人权制裁、“科技脱钩”与“规则脱钩”等传统与非传统的“聪明制裁”方式,服务于中美战略竞争。在国际法视域下,美国对华“科技脱钩”制裁原则上不符合援引WTO国家安全例外的条件,也很难依据反措施规则等习惯国际法解除制裁的不法性。我国依《WTO协定》中的“特殊与差别待遇”条款可合法期待的应得利益若因美国对华“规则脱钩”制裁而减损或丧失,则可在WTO提起磋商请求。为应对美国制裁,我国应善用WTO和联合国等国际组织机制,并在国际法框架内运用与完善我国反制裁体系。The Trump Administration,followed by the Biden Administration,viewed China as the main strategic competitor of the United States.Since then,the justifications,methods and frequency of U.S.sanctions against China have changed significantly.A study on the evolutionary trends of U.S.sanctions against China by reviewing the legality of those sanctions from the perspective of international law is of great importance in that it is imperative for China to predict the precise directions and critical areas of U.S.sanctions in the future,so that the foreign-related legal fights can be managed more effectively to respond to external risks and challenges and improve the counter-foreign sanctions law of China in domestic and foreign-related affairs.This article,which is based on both theoretical and practical analysis by employing quantitative and qualitative method,reviews the legislation and measures of the U.S.sanctions against China since the 1990s.It follows that,as the gap in the comprehensive national power between the two countries has been narrowed,the China-US cooperation on economic and trade matters has undergone foundational changes,and the focus of the U.S.national security strategy has been shifted to containing China.Consequently,the justifications,targets and methods of its sanctions against China have changed dramatically.The sporadic and accidental sanctions have been replaced by targeted,accurate and regular sanctions;and new types of sanctions such as“human rights sanctions”,“technological decoupling”and“rule decoupling”have been more frequently employed.It can be predicted that the U.S.sanctions against China will focus on high-tech and new industries and on some other critical areas.Since China and the United States are members of the World Trade Organization(WTO),the two countries shall carry out their sanctions or countersanctions within the framework of the WTO Agreements.This article finds that,the U.S.fails to meet the conditions for invoking the WTO national security exception to justi

关 键 词：单边制裁 国家安全例外 反措施 反制裁 

分 类 号：D996[政治法律—经济法学]