一战时期俄国反境内德意志人运动与社会危机  

The Anti-German Movement and Social Crisis in Russia during World War I

作　　者：王瑞华 王晓菊[2] Ruihua Wang;Xiaoju Wang

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院大学历史学院 [2]中国社会科学院世界历史研究所,北京102488

出　　处：《世界民族》2024年第4期39-51,共13页Journal of World Peoples Studies

基　　金：中国社会科学院学科建设“登峰战略”资助计划大国关系史重点学科项目(编号DF2023ZD13);中国社会科学院世界历史研究所创新工程大型学科奠基性项目“社会主义史:理论与实践新探”的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：第一次世界大战的爆发和俄国的参战在俄国境内引发了民族沙文主义狂潮,也为积聚于俄国社会的反德意志人情绪开启了倾泻的“闸门”。在民族主义报刊和部分知识分子的合力推动下,反德意志人情绪急剧高涨,迅速扩散到俄国社会的各个角落,并掀起了针对境内德意志人的排外运动。为了确保国家安全并转嫁责任,沙皇政府采取驱逐边境地区德意志人、清算德意志农民和企业的财产、禁止德语授课、关停德文报刊等强制措施,试图抹去俄国德意志人的民族特征,迫追使其与德国人划清界限,并削弱德国资本在俄国经济领域的地位和影响。这些举措不仅深刻影响了俄国境内德意志人的历史命运,而且导致战争时期俄国社会秩序更加混乱,沙皇政府的威信受到空前挑战,在一定程度上加速了罗曼诺夫王朝的衰亡。The outbreak of World War I and Russia's entry into the war triggered a strong wave of national chauvinism in Russia and opened the floodgates of anti-German sentiment that had been building up in Russian society.Under the concerted efforts of the nationalist press and some intellectuals,anti-German sentiment rose sharply and quickly spread to all corners of society,thus setting off an anti-German movement.In order to ensure national security and transfer the responsibility,the Tsarist government adopted forced measures such as expelling the Germans in border areas,liquidating the property of German farmers and enterprises,prohibiting the teaching of German language,shutting down German newspapers,etc.,trying to erase the national identity of Russian Germans,force them to draw a clear line with the Germans,and weaken the status and influence of German capital in the Russian economy.These measures not only profoundly affected the historical fate of the Germans in Russia,but also led to the chaos of the Russian social order during the war,posing unprecedented challenges to the prestige of the Tsarist government and accelerating the decline of the Romanov Dynasty.

关 键 词：一战时期 俄国 德意志人 社会危机 

分 类 号：D751.2[政治法律—政治学]