20世纪下半叶美国移动源污染法律规制体系的缘起、演进和确立  

The Origin,Evolution and Establishment of Legal Regulation System of Mobile Source Pollution in the United States

作　　者：滕海键[1,2] 王法刚 Teng Haijian;Wang Fagang

机构地区：[1]辽宁大学经济学部,辽宁沈阳110036 [2]辽宁大学环境史与经济社会可持续发展研究院,辽宁沈阳110036 [3]辽宁大学历史学部,辽宁沈阳110036

出　　处：《学术研究》2024年第8期120-132,178,共14页Academic Research

基　　金：辽宁省属本科高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助;辽宁大学2024年度亚洲研究中心项目“东北近代铁路兴建与区域现代化研究”(Y202402)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：20世纪中期至90年代是美国移动源污染法律规制体系从缘起到确立的时期。自20世纪50年代起,美国开始对移动源污染展开研究并通过立法进行规制,但是在经济和技术可行性理念主导下,治理成效有限。以现代环保运动的兴起为背景,1970年通过的《清洁空气法修正案》转而以公众健康和安全为主旨,由此,移动源污染治理取得了进展。然而,在不久之后的能源危机背景下,放松机动车排放标准、注重经济考量又成为1977年《清洁空气法修正案》的现实选择。80年代中后期以可持续发展理念为背景,1990年通过的《清洁空气法修正案》加强了对移动源污染的法律规制并注重综合考虑经济、技术及公众健康等因素,标志着美国移动源污染法律规制体系的最终确立。美国移动源污染法律规制体系的演化和确立有很多特点,带给我们不少启示。The mid-20th century to the 1990s was a period when the legal regulation system for mobile source pollution in the United States grew from scratch,from its inception to its establishment.Since the 1950s,the United States has been conducting research on mobile source pollution and regulating it through legislation.Before the 1970s,economic and technological feasibility became the primary standards for mobile source pollution control legislation,but it made it difficult to achieve public health goals.With the rise of the environmental movement,the Clean Air Act Amendment of 1970 shifted its legislative focus to public health and well-being,which was strongly opposed by interest groups such as motor vehicle manufacturers,and the implementation deadline of motor vehicle emission standards was repeatedly postponed.In the context of the energy crisis,relaxing regulation and emphasizing the balance between environmental benefits and economic development became a practical choice for the 1977 Clean Air Act Amendment.Faced with the severe situation of mobile source pollution,under the influence of the concept of sustainable development,the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendment strengthened the regulation of mobile source pollution,focusing on comprehensive consideration of economic development,technological feasibility,environmental and public health factors.After the 1990s,there were no major legislative changes in Congress,indicating that the legal regulation system for mobile source pollution in the United States has been established.The evolution of the legal regulation system for mobile source pollution in the United States is also a game history between environmental protection and economic development.Balancing economic development and environmental protection largely determines the direction of legislation.

关 键 词：美国 移动源污染 法律规制 清洁空气法 

分 类 号：K712.5[历史地理—历史学]