播种时期对免耕飞播油菜生长与产量的影响  

Effect of Sowing Period on Growth and Yield of No-till Aerial-Sowing Oilseed Rape

作　　者：王崇铭 陈玲英 鲁明星 周志华 田贵生 张水平 郑祖云 方起超 任涛[1] 鲁剑巍[1] WANG Chongming;CHEN Lingying;LU Mingxing;ZHOU Zhihua;TIAN Guisheng;ZHANG Shuiping;ZHENG Zuyun;FANG Qichao;REN Tao;LU Jianwei(College of Resources and Environment,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan 430070;Hubei Province Oilseed Rape Office,Wuhan 430070;Wuxue Agriculture and Rural Bureau of Hubei Province,Huanggang,Hubei 435400)

机构地区：[1]华中农业大学资源与环境学院,武汉430070 [2]湖北省油菜办公室,武汉430070 [3]湖北省武穴市农业农村局,湖北黄冈435400

出　　处：《中国农学通报》2024年第23期32-38,共7页Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin

基　　金：国家油菜产业技术体系“养分管理与面源污染治理”岗位(CARS-12);湖北省重点研发计划项目“油菜飞播轻简种植关键技术集成研发”(2020BBB062);湖北省现代农业产业技术体系“稻田油菜高产高效技术创新与集成示范”(HBHZD-2020-005)。

摘　　要：针对稻油轮作体系中油菜播种窗口期选择的问题,本研究旨在确定免耕飞播模式下适宜的油菜播种时间,以解决茬口紧张导致的迟播问题。本研究于2020—2022年油菜季在湖北武穴和黄陂开展了3个田间试验,均设置8个处理:水稻收获前后1、3、5、7 d播种。研究评估了不同播种时间对冬油菜产量及其构成因素和生长发育的影响。研究结果表明,不同播种时期处理的油菜籽产量差异显著,水稻收获前3 d至收获后3 d是飞播油菜最佳的播种时段,该时间段内播种的油菜平均产量比其他播种时间处理高出28.3%。单株角果数是水稻收获后播种影响油菜籽产量的主要因子,表现为随着播种时期的推迟而减少。与水稻收获后5 d和7 d处理相比,水稻收获后1 d和3 d处理的平均单株角果数增加了15.8%。水稻收获后不同播种时期单株角果数与越冬期绿叶数、蕾薹期茎粗、花期茎粗呈显著正相关。具体而言,与水稻收获后5 d和7 d处理相比,水稻收获后1 d和3 d处理的在越冬期绿叶数、蕾薹期茎粗、花期茎粗分别平均增加18.2%、12.9%、16.0%。综上所述,将飞播油菜的播种时间定在水稻收获前3 d至后3 d,能在优化群体结构的同时促进个体生长发育,从而提高飞播油菜产量,本研究为油菜轻简高效生产提供了技术指导。In order to optimize the suitable sowing periods for rapeseed under the no-till aerial-sowing mode,and address the issue of delayed sowing of rapeseed caused by dense stubble in rice-rape cropping system.Three field experiments were conducted during the 2020-2022 oilseed rape season in Wuxue and Huangpi,Hubei Province.Each experiment included eight treatments,with oilseed rape sown 1,3,5,7 d before and after rice harvesting.The impact of varying sowing periods on winter oilseed rape yields,yield components,and growth and development were analyzed.There was a significant difference(P<0.05)in the rapeseed yield between the different sowing periods.The optimal time to sow was 3 d before and 3 d following rice harvesting;this resulted in an average yield increase of 28.3%compared to other sowing times.Density was the main factor affecting rapeseed yield in the pre-harvest rice sowing period,showing an increase with delay in the sowing period(P<0.01).Compared to the 7 d and 5 d before rice harvest sowing treatments,there were an increase of 48.4%in mean maturity density and an increase of 8.2%in pre-winter seedling establishment in the 1 d and 3 d before rice harvest sowing treatments.The primary factor influencing rapeseed yield from post-harvest sowing of rice was the average number of pods per plant,which increased by 15.8%in the 1 d and 3 d post harvest treatments of rice compared to the 5 d and 7 d post-harvest treatments.The number of pods per plant as well as the number of over wintering green leaves,stem thickness at bud stage,and stem thickness at flowering stage were found to be significantly positively correlated(P<0.05)in different sowing periods following rice harvest.Additionally,the mean over wintering green leaves,stem thickness at bud stage,and stem thickness at flowering stage increased by 18.2%,12.9%,and 16.0%in the 1 d and 3 d following rice harvest treatments,respectively,compared to the 5 d and 7 d following rice harvest treatments.Sowing seed from three days before to three days after rice harve

关 键 词：免耕飞播 油菜 播种时期 产量 产量构成因子 生长 

分 类 号：S565.4[农业科学—作物学]