粤东闽南方言唇齿塞擦音声母的擦化音变  

The Deaffrication of Labiodental Affricate Initials of Southern Min Dialect in Eastern Guangdong

作　　者：张静芬[1] ZHANG Jingfen

机构地区：[1]北京大学中国语言学研究中心/北京大学中国语言文学系,北京100871

出　　处：《语言学论丛》2024年第3期14-23,共10页Essays on Linguistics

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“广东粤方言声调类型及演化模式研究”(编号:23YJC740089);广东省哲学社会科学规划项目青年项目“基于语音实验分析的广东闽语声调地理语言学研究”(编号:GD23YZY01)的资助。

摘　　要：中古帮系声母在闽南方言中的白读音为双唇音p①、p^(h)、b、m,这组声母在粤东闽南方言潮普小片中还有唇齿塞擦音pf、pf^(h)、bv和唇齿鼻音m的变体,且出现擦化音变。本文基于潮普小片方言15位发音人的调查材料,发现该擦化音变在不同方言点中以及同一方言点内的不同发音人间存在差异,且擦化仅涉及“pf→f”和“bv→v”两类音变,唇齿送气塞擦音pf^(h)和唇齿鼻音m并未出现f、v变体。本文以三位发音人为主要考察对象,从发音人的主观感知判断、语图差别、单念及语流中的差异等方面说明唇齿塞擦音到唇齿擦音的变异特点,并以发音人ZXJ的材料为例统计pf、pf^(h)、f的浊音起始时间(VOT),发现pf和f的浊音起始时间无显著差异,而pf^(h)的浊音起始时间显著大于f的浊音起始时间。本文认为pf和的听感相似(声学表现为浊音起始时间无差异),是唇齿塞擦音发生擦化音变的动因。擦化音变是一种典型的弱化音变,因此在语流中擦音的出现频率更高。双唇塞音到唇齿擦音的演变是潮普小片方言自身演变的结果,与汉语史上发生的“重唇轻唇化”音变所涉及的音类及音变条件有所不同,但能部分还原这个历史音变的过程。潮普小片闽南方言作为活语言案例,能为汉语史上的“重唇轻唇化”音变提供确实可信的中间演变阶段。The colloquial pronunciation of Middle Chinese initials“帮涝并明(非敷奉微)”is p,p^(h),b,m in Southern Min dialect;however,in the Chaopu group of Southern Min in Eastern Guangdong,there exist other pronunciations,namely labiodental affricates pf,pf^(h),bv and labiodental nasal m.Not only did bilabial stops switch to labiodental affricates,some of them even further developed to become fricatives.Based on the survey of 15 speakers in the dialects of the Chaopu group,this paper finds that the development of affricates to fricatives varies across dialects and among speakers within the same dialect,and that the change only involvess"pf→f"and"bv→v".The aspirated labiodental affricate pf'and the labiodental nasal m do not have fricative counterparts.Three consultants were closely examined for the change from labiodental affricates to fricatives based on the consultants'perceptual judgement,production(as shown in spectrograms),and the differences between words read in isolation and in speech flow.The data of consultant ZXJ,shows that there is no significant difference between the VOTs of pf and f,while the VOT of pf^(h) is significantly larger than that of f.We propose that the similarity in the auditory perception of pf and f(which show no difference in VOT)is the motivation for the change of labiodental affricates to fricatives.The change of labiodental affricates to fricatives is a typical lenition.Therefore,we can find more fricatives occurring in the speech flow.This deaffrication of labiodental affricate is a recent phonetic change of Chaopu Min dialect,which is different from the well-known heavy-to-light-lip shift with respect to phonological categories and conditions,but it provides credible evidence for an intermediate evolutionary stage of this sound change.

关 键 词：粤东闽南方言 潮普小片 唇齿塞擦音 唇齿擦音 擦化音变 

分 类 号：H17[语言文字—汉语]