商事合同格式条款的效力评价方法———以《民法典》第497条的合理性评价要件为中心  

Methods for Evaluating the Validity of Standard Business Terms in B2B Contracts:Focusing on Evaluation of Reasonability in Article 497 of the Chinese Civil Code

作　　者：黄帅 Huang Shuai

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学比较法学研究院

出　　处：《财经法学》2024年第5期132-149,共18页Law and Economy

基　　金：北京市社科基金青年项目“《民法典》获益返还制度的体系定位和解释论建构研究”(23FXC016)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：《民法典》第497条是格式条款的效力评价规则,其适用对象包括商事合同。司法裁判回避《民法典》第497条的适用,其裁判理由违背立法逻辑,也违反了《民法典合同编司法解释》的基本精神。借助《民法典》第497条的合理性评价要件,司法裁判应考量商事交易与民商合一规则设想相比的不同之处。常见条款、经济依赖和保护必要性是合理性评价的具体考量内容。常见条款是长期在相关行业或地域内普遍使用、具有典型性的合同条款。常见条款原则上对争议格式条款具有效力肯定功能,例外情况是相对方因经济依赖接受该格式条款。合理性评价如若无法依靠常见条款,则必须依据效力评价规则的内在设想,在个案中判断保护相对方的必要性,判定内容失衡的格式条款是否合理。Article 497 of the Chinese Civil Code applies to b2b contracts.The judicial rulings avoid the application of Article 497 of the Chinese Civil Code.The arguments of the rulings do not comply with the logic of the legal rules on standard business terms and the basic spirit of the Judicial Interpretation of the Contract Part of the Chinese Civil Code.With the help of the evaluation of reasonableness required by Article 497 of the Chinese Civil Code,the court should properly consider business practices when evaluating the validity of standard clauses in b2b contracts.Commonly used clauses,economic dependence and the necessity for protection are factors that must be considered in the evaluation of reasonableness.Commonly used clauses are typical contract clauses commonly used in b2b contracts in relevant fields or regions in the long term.Commonly used clauses have the function to confirm the validity of standard business terms in principle.If a standard business term is accepted because of the other party s economic dependence,or if the court is not able to prove relevant commonly used clauses,or if the standard business term and its relevant commonly used clause are not compatible,the necessity for protection must be judged based on the purposes of the legal rules from case to case in order to judge whether an imbalanced standard business term is reasonable.

关 键 词：格式条款 合理性评价 常见条款 经济依赖 保护必要性 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]