平台用户言论自由保护的欧洲司法方案  

European Judicial Practices for Protecting Freedom of Expression of Platform Users

作　　者：李雅文 LI Yawen(Law School,Tsinghua University)

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《人权法学》2024年第4期109-127,156,157,共21页Journal of Human Rights Law

摘　　要：网络平台用户言论自由的保护面临困境。由于平台私权力逃逸于传统法律规制范围、平台内部救济困难,用户的言论自由难以获得救济。面对平台私权力扩张的威胁,欧洲法院与欧洲人权法院高度关注用户言论自由的司法救济,两法院没有以尊重意思自治为由排除审查平台的言论限制措施,而是在各自裁判框架下积极审查平台的言论限制措施是否损害用户言论自由,以有效规制平台权力。欧洲法院解释欧盟法令规定的平台责任规则时,避免过度限缩平台责任豁免条件,防止平台采取过分严苛的内容治理措施。欧洲人权法院审查平台对言论自由的限制措施是否符合比例原则,并总结出必要性分析五要素。在欧洲立法逐步加强平台责任的趋势下,欧洲两大司法机构避免平台迫于法律责任实施严苛的内容审查,以保护平台用户的言论自由权利。Platforms directly regulate users’speech to avoid legal liability for breach of statutory duty of care,and have pressure and incentive to censor the speech.However,the protection of users’freedom of expression as the counterpart of the platform’s private power is faced with the following dilemmas:firstly,the platform’s private power escapes from the scope of the traditional public law,and the constitutional guarantee of freedom of expression cannot be directly applied to the platform as a private subject;secondly,the platform’s and users’power is highly unequal,and norms of private law based on the freedom of contract and autonomy of the will are unable to regulate the platform effectively;and thirdly,in reality,the internal censorship of platforms to a large extent only plays the role of a“rubber stamp”for decoration and symbolism,and is unable to realize self-restriction of power.In the face of the threat of the expansion of private power of platforms,the ECJ and ECHR have paid great attention to the judicial remedies for users’freedom of expression.ECJ has moderately expanded the interpretation of the conditions for exemption from liability in the e-Commerce Directive,which specifically includes expanding the interpretation of the passivity of platforms,strictly restricting prior monitoring,and limiting the scope of knowledge of platforms.The ECHR applies Article 10.2 of the ECHR to analyze whether national and platform restrictions on freedom of expression comply with the principle of proportionality.New rules of decision have been established for ECHR in a series of cases,developing five factors for assessing whether a platform’s restriction of speech meets the requirement of necessity,i.e.,the type of user’s speech and the nature of the platform,the platform’s speech governance measures,the likelihood of recourse to the user,the impact of the national court’s judgment on the platform,and the damages suffered by the infringed person.ECJ and ECHR have noted the significance of the pr

关 键 词：言论自由 平台责任 欧洲人权法院 欧洲法院 

分 类 号：D998.2[政治法律—国际法学]