数字人民币的私法定位及归属  

The Private Law Positioning and Ownership of E-CNY

作　　者：金曼 JIN Man(School of Law,Beijing Wuzi University,Beijing 101149,China)

机构地区：[1]北京物资学院法学院,北京市101149

出　　处：《中国流通经济》2024年第9期116-126,共11页China Business and Market

基　　金：2022年北京社科基金青年项目“北京自由贸易试验区金融担保模式创新的法治保障研究”(22FXC025);2023年国家留学基金项目(202308110164)。

摘　　要：数字人民币是技术革命下我国法定货币的新形态,在法律主体、表现形态及内部法律关系上,与虚拟货币、现金货币和存款货币均有不同。这主要体现在,数字人民币以加密字符串和数字钱包为外在表现形式,脱离了货币的实物形态;采取中心化架构,涉及中央银行、商业银行以及数字人民币用户等多方主体,区别于去中心化的虚拟货币;与存款货币相比,数字人民币用户和银行之间不存在消费借贷或消费寄托关系,仅为一般的保管关系。从私法定位上看,学界对数字人民币的认识主要有物权说、虚拟财产说、数据说、债权说等不同观点。鉴于数字人民币具有价值性、独立性和可支配性,体现出鲜明的物权特性,应将其定性为物权客体。在所有权归属层面,数字人民币虽然因其由独特的加密字串构成而具有一定的特定性,但该特定性与其种类物性质并行不悖,一般情形下可以适用“占有即所有”规则,且占有的判定主要以数字化控制为标准。同时,通过对数字人民币权属纠纷的梳理和类型化分析发现,基于数字人民币独特的法律构造和技术特性,在借用他人数字钱包、错误转账、设立数字人民币担保、数字人民币“双花”等情形下,仍存在“占有即所有”规则的例外,其归属判断须结合具体个案衡量。Digital RMB(e-CNY)is a new form of legal currency in China under the technological revolution.It differs from virtual currency,cash currency,and deposit currency in terms of legal subjects,manifestations,and internal legal relationships.This is mainly reflected in the fact that:e-CNY is presented in the form of encrypted strings and digital wallets,which are detached from the physical form of currency;a centralized architecture is adopted,involving multiple entities such as central banks,commercial banks,and e-CNY users,which is different from decentralized virtual currencies;and compared with deposit currency,there is no consumer lending relationship between e-CNY users and banks,only a general custody relationship.From the perspective of private law positioning,such different views are prevailing in the academic circle,namely the views of property rights,virtual property,data,and obligatory right.And because e-CNY has the nature of value,independence,and disposability,and embodies the characteristics of property rights,it should be classified as the object of property rights.About the ownership of e-CNY,although e-CNY has certain specificity due to its unique encrypted string composition,this specificity is not contradictory to its physical properties.In general,the"possession that is all"rule can be applied,and the determination of possession is mainly based on digital control.Meanwhile,through the sorting and typological analysis of ownership disputes over e-CNY,it is found that,based on the unique legal structure and technical characteristics of e-CNY,there are still exceptions to the"possession that is all"rule in situations such as borrowing someone else's digital wallet,erroneous transfer,creating security interests over e-CNY,and"double spending"of e-CNY.The ownership of e-CNY should be determined based on specific cases.

关 键 词：数字人民币 物权 占有即所有 数字人民币“双花” 

分 类 号：F822[经济管理—财政学]