1841—1842年西藏抗击查谟入侵之战的军事地理分析  

A military geographic investigation on the Xizang-Jammu War in 1841-1842

作　　者：杨霄[1] YANG Xiao(Center for Historical Geographical Studies,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学历史地理研究中心,上海200433

出　　处：《地理科学进展》2024年第8期1609-1616,共8页Progress in Geography

基　　金：中国科学院学部咨询评议项目(2020-DX05-B-018)。

摘　　要：中国西藏阿里地区海拔高、山岳连绵、峡谷交错,严酷的地理环境成为开展军事活动的限制性因素。1841—1842年,这里曾发生西藏抗击查谟入侵的战争,与当前中印两国边界争议息息相关。论文借助多学科的研究路径和军事地理分析框架,分析军事地理格局与过程间的相互作用,以及战役的时空机制与结构机制。研究认为,清代后期,西藏阿里地区的军事地理格局发生了显著变化。东提、楚舒勒和什布奇山口三处位置,由后方的交通要道变为军事前沿,其军事地理价值凸显。战争初期,查谟军队通过秘密集结、隐蔽意图,快速通过各险要隘口,达成了战役的突然性。藏军被迫以空间换取时间,在多玉重创查谟军队,进而收复全部失地。但由于藏军的主要作战基地均位于廓尔喀(尼泊尔)方向,从前藏、后藏出击的藏军在到达列城时,已经远离自己的作战基地超过2000 km。从时间和距离因素上分析,都难以长期支撑其作战行动。因此,当藏军的攻势超过“顶点”时,“核心—边缘”结构发生转化,藏军由优势转为劣势,不得不从拉达克撤退。论文通过军事地理分析,揭示了军事地理环境与战争间的关系,提出了准备和实施战争的关键区域,对于当前的国防建设具有重要的借鉴意义。Ali Prefecture of Xizang,China is located in the middle and western sections of the China-India border,where the high altitude,continuous mountains,and crisscrossing valleys pose many restrictions on military activities.It was in this region that Chinese Xizang fought against Jammu's invasion from 1841 to 1842.The result of this war is closely related to the current border dispute between China and India.From the perspective of military geography,the military geographic pattern of Ali region underwent significant changes in the late Qing Dynasty.The three locations of Dongti,Chushule,and Shibuqi became the frontline of the military confrontation.At the beginning of the war,the Jammu army quickly passed through these three key locations and carried out a surprise attack.Xizang's army was forced to exchange space for time,and stroke a heavy blow to Jammu's army in Duoyu,recovering all lost territory.During the war,the main bases of operation of the Xizang army were located in the direction of Gorkha(Nepal).When they arrived in Leh,they were already over 2000 km away from their base.The Xizang army's attack was clearly unsustainable based on the analysis of time and distance factors.Thereby,the previous military structure of core-periphery was dramatically reversed,forming a new military geographic situation.When the Xizang army's attack exceeded its"peak",their situation shifted from advantaged to disadvantaged,forcing them to withdraw from Ladakh.This article aimed to reveal the relationships between wars and military geographic environments through military geographic analysis,and then identify key areas for war preparation and implementation,which is of great significance for the current national defense construction.Finally,the article put forward three recommendations for border security and national defense construction in the Ali region.

关 键 词：西藏阿里地区 查谟 拉达克 军事地理 克什米尔 

分 类 号：E295.2[军事—军事理论] K252[历史地理—历史学]