深海金属采矿装备与技术发展现状及分析  

Research status and analysis of deep-sea metal mining equipment and technologies

作　　者：金永平 董向阳[1,2] 万步炎 刘德顺 JIN Yongping;DONG Xiangyang;WAN Buyan;LIU Deshun(National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Mineral Resources Exploration Equipment and Safety Technology,Hunan University of Science and Technology,Xiangtan 411201,China;Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Exploration Technology and Equipment,Hunan University of Science and Technology,Xiangtan 411201,China)

机构地区：[1]湖南科技大学海洋矿产资源探采装备与安全技术国家地方联合工程实验室,湖南湘潭411201 [2]湖南科技大学海洋资源探采技术与装备湖南省重点实验室,湖南湘潭411201

出　　处：《煤炭学报》2024年第8期3316-3334,共19页Journal of China Coal Society

基　　金：国家重点研发计划资助项目(2022YFC2805901,2023YFC2811102);国家自然科学基金资助项目(52275106)。

摘　　要：金属矿产资源是保障国家经济发展与建设的重要物质基础。在陆地稀有金属供应初显疲态的形势下,世界各国纷纷将资源战略瞄向稀有金属蕴藏丰富的深海。开展深海采矿装备与技术的研发攻关,是实现深海矿产资源高效开采的关键。首先,系统论述深海采矿科学技术与装备发展历程,重点分析拖斗式、连续绳斗式、自动穿梭艇式、管道提升式技术特点,总结梳理国内外深海采矿车、深海扬矿装备、深海采矿船3类装备的发展现状;然后,以当前研究与发展动态为基础,围绕采矿、输运、支撑平台3个领域,梳理采集技术、牵引驱动技术、轨迹与规划技术、羽流演变评估技术4项采矿技术上取得的成效和进展,总结气力提升技术、水力提升技术、过流部件保障技术、力学行为分析技术4项输运技术的研究动态,探讨收放技术、升沉补偿技术2项支撑平台技术的研究方向及进展;最后,鉴于经济、环境、装备与技术3个维度目前的发展形势,提出深海采矿技术科学目标由装备可控转变为绿色采矿、安全采矿,为应对未来深海采矿装备与技术发展面临的环境与安全挑战,分析提出有待于聚焦研究的关键科学与技术问题,以此凝练出绿色行进采集技术、超深安全扬矿技术、全局协同保障技术、数字环境评估技术4项亟待突破的关键技术,以期为我国深海采矿装备体系研究与建设提供参考。Metal mineral resources are critical materials for the world economic development.In a situation of weak supply of terrestrial rare metals,many countries are expanding the direction of resource extraction from a land-based approach to a land-sea approach,with an increased emphasis on marine resource extraction.Aiming at the problem of efficient exploration of deep-sea resources,it is crucial to investigate the equipment and technology used in the deep-sea mining(DSM).First,the history of scientific technologies and equipment for DSM is systematically discussed,and the technical characteristics of submarine-drag bucket mining system,continuous line bucket mining system,shuttle vessel mining system, and pipe lift mining system are analyzed, the development and current status of the three types of deep-sea vehicles, transport equipment, and mining vessel are summarized. Subsequently, on the basis of current research and development trends, the research developments on the technologies for DSM equipment are synthesized in three areas of mining, transportation, and support platforms. The progress and achievements of four major mining technologies have been reviewed, i.e., harvesting, traction-drive, tracking-planning, and plume evolution assessment. Research developments in four transport technologies are summarized, including pneumatic lifting technology, hydraulic lifting technology, transition parts assurance technology, and mechanical behavior technology. Research direction and progress of two support platform technologies are discussed, involving the launch and recovery technology and heave compensation technology. Finally, the key scientific and technical issues are analyzed and the studies are carried out to meet the environment and safety challenges in the future. It is proposed that four key technologies need to have a breakthrough, which consist of green travel and collection technology, ultra-deep safe mine lifting technology, global synergistic safeguard technology, and digital environmental assessment tec

关 键 词：深海金属采矿 矿产资源 采矿装备 采矿技术 输运技术 

分 类 号：TD857[矿业工程—金属矿开采]