新形势下黄河的治理方略  

Strategies for Yellow River Management Under the New Situation

作　　者：张红武[1] ZHANG Hongwu(Yellow River Research Center,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China)

机构地区：[1]清华大学黄河研究中心,北京100084

出　　处：《人民黄河》2024年第9期8-17,共10页Yellow River

基　　金：内蒙古自治区科技厅重大专项(150000243033210000057);国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC0402500);鄂尔多斯市水利科技重点项目(20232000090)。

摘　　要：在阐述近代以来治黄对策和黄河“水少沙多”等问题基础上,提出新形势下黄河下游宽河段治理方略为“三堤共存、槽滩共治”,即以靠溜河道工程为依托,将生产堤改建成坚固的防护堤作为第一道防线,由大堤及其防护工程构成第二道防线,将大堤到控导工程的道路加固成格堤,按“平顺护弯、以弯导流”原则整治河槽,同时在整治工程对岸滩区边沿建护滩工程;对窄河段只需局部扩宽即可大幅提升过洪能力,另需将其中明显碍洪工程进行改造或拆除,解放相关滞洪区并降低宽河段滩区行洪要求。减少入黄沙量的治本之策为采用工程措施与新工艺新材料淤地坝修筑技术,改变水土严重流失区的侵蚀地理环境,结合近自然修复良性生态治理技术,主动拦减流域沟坡产沙并永续发挥生态效益。尽早建成古贤与黑山峡水利枢纽,并激发三门峡这一骨干工程的调控作用,共同构建黄河水沙调控体系的主体构架,建立全河水沙调控及水资源优化配置机制,确保全河水沙关系协调,遏制宁蒙等河段河情恶化势头。为解决黄河下游水少问题,应恢复黄河、汶河洪水进出东平湖条件及南四湖洪水入黄功能,将沿黄已建和拟建平原水库连通,发挥水资源调配作用;若在南水北调中线工程以东修建“河南运河”,黄河下游段即成邻近流域排洪入海通道,将其灾害水变成黄河下游冲沙、灌溉及生态用水;实施“川水济黄、藏水补川”工程,实属关系中华民族永续发展的根本大计。Based on the discussion of flood control strategies for the Yellow River and issues like“less water and more sediment”since mod⁃ern times,this article proposed a management strategy for the wide river section of the lower Yellow River under new circumstances,namely“three embankments coexist,channel and floodplain co⁃management”.This means relying on the river engineering for the first line of defense by upgrading production embankments into sturdy protective embankments,with the main embankment and its protective engineering forming the second line of defense.The roads from the main embankment to the guiding structures are reinforced into grid embankments,and the river channel is regulated according to the principle of“smooth protection of bends and using bends to guide flow”.Additionally,protective struc⁃tures are constructed along the opposite bank of the regulated engineering works.For narrow river sections,significant improvements in flood discharge capacity can be achieved through local widening,and flood control structures that significantly obstruct flow in these areas need to be modified or removed.This approach will also release related flood detention areas and relax the flood passage requirements for floodplain areas in wide river sections.The fundamental strategy for reducing the amount of sediment entering the Yellow River involves using engineer⁃ing measures and new technologies and materials for the construction of warping dams to change the erosion geography in areas of severe soil erosion.Combined with near⁃natural restoration and ecological management techniques,actively intercept and reduce sediment production from basin slopes and sustain ecological benefits.Through the construction of the Guxian and Heishanxia hydro⁃junction works as soon as pos⁃sible and by enhancing the regulatory role of the backbone project of Sanmenxia,the main structure of the water and sediment regulation sys⁃tem of the Yellow River will be established,creating a mechanism for coordinated wa

关 键 词：治理方略 河道治理 滩区治理 水土保持 水沙调控 外流域调水 黄河流域 

分 类 号：TV85[水利工程—水利水电工程] TV882.1