现代汉语字母词的语素化研究  

A Study on the Morphemization of Loanwords in Modern Chinese

作　　者：白凌云 孙道功[1] BAI Lingyun;SUN Daogong

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学文学院,江苏南京210097

出　　处：《语言文字应用》2024年第2期100-111,共12页Applied Linguistics

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“现代汉语‘句法—语义’接口的语用制约研究”(20BYY168)的资助。

摘　　要：语素化是外来词融入汉语词汇系统的重要途径,同时也是外来词汉化的重要体现。字母词作为外来词的特殊成员,其语素化也具有特殊之处。文章以10部代表性的外来词词典中的字母词作为考察对象,筛选并提取了12个字母语素,分析了字母词语素化的类型及相关特点。文章认为:字母词语素化包括降格和升格两种类型,但是与一般汉语语素不同,字母语素在构词、语义类型以及分布领域等方面具有自身的特点。字母词的语素化会受到音节数量、语法规则、语义选择和使用频度等方面的制约。音节制约主要表现为在升格语素化的过程中,受现代汉语双音节占优势特点的限制,字母语素与汉语语素构成的词语通常不超过三音节;语法制约主要表现为语素的词性转化和功能变化;语义制约主要表现为通常会选择活跃度低、不具有相对稳定义的字母作为语素形式;频度制约主要表现为高频使用是字母词语素化前提,也是完成语素化的重要条件。总的来说,字母词的语素化是多种因素共同作用的结果。Morphemization is an important approach for foreign words to assimilate into the Chinese lexical system,and it also reflects the process of sinicization of foreign words.As a special category of foreign words,loanwords have their own distinctive features.This study focuses on loanwords extracted from 10 representative dictionaries of foreign words,selects and analyzes 12 loanword morphemes,and examines the types and characteristics of morphemization in loanwords.The findings indicate that morphemization in loanwords can be classified into two types:demotion and promotion.However,unlike general Chinese morphemes,loanword morphemes possess their own characteristics in terms of word formation,semantic types and distribution domains.The process of morpheminzation in loanwords is influenced by factors such as syllable count,grammatical rules,semantic selection and frequency of use.Specifically,syllable constraint is mainly observed in the limitation of loanword morphemes and Chinese morphemes forming words in the process of promoting morphemization,usually not exceeding three syllables due to the predominance of disyllabic words in Modern Chinese.Grammatical constraint involves morpheme conversion and functional changes.Semantic constraint involves the preference for less active and relatively less defined letters as morpheme forms.Frequency constraint highlights the importance of high-frequency usage as a prerequisite and crucial condition for morphemization in loanwords.In brief,morphemization in loanwords is the result of the combined effects of multiple factors.

关 键 词：字母词 语素化 语素化类型 语法制约 语义制约 

分 类 号：H136[语言文字—汉语]