我国水旱灾害防御应对  

China's prevention and response to flood and drought disasters

作　　者：褚明华 杜晓鹤[2,3] 何秉顺 CHU Minghua;DU Xiaohe;HE Bingshun(Department of Flood and Drought Disaster Prevention of the Ministry of Water Resources,Beijing 100053,China;China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,Beijing 100038,China;Research Center on Flood&Drought Disaster Prevention and Reduction,the Ministry of Water Resources,Beijing 100038,China)

机构地区：[1]水利部水旱灾害防御司,北京100053 [2]中国水利水电科学研究院,北京100038 [3]水利部防洪抗旱减灾工程技术研究中心(水旱灾害防御中心),北京100038

出　　处：《水利发展研究》2024年第8期1-8,共8页Water Resources Development Research

摘　　要：洪旱灾害是我国自然灾害中损失最为严重的灾害。中华人民共和国成立以来,历经70余年的建设,已逐步形成较为完备的工程体系和非工程体系相结合的水旱灾害防御体系,水旱灾害防御能力达到国际中等水平。在近年来海河“23·7”流域性特大洪水、2022年长江流域干旱等水旱灾害防御应对中,已建的工程体系和非工程体系发挥了重要作用。近年来因洪涝灾害死亡人口、因洪涝直接经济损失占当年GDP的比值呈明显下降趋势,水旱灾害防御成效显著。受全球气候变化和人类活动影响,我国水旱灾害呈现趋多、趋频、趋强、趋广的趋势,为应对更为极端和反常的水旱灾害,文章提出了构建水旱灾害防御矩阵、完善水旱灾害防御工程体系、建设数字孪生流域、完善法律法规及管理体制机制等思路构想。Flood and drought are the most serious disasters in China's natural disasters.Since the founding of the People's Republic of China,after more than 70 years of construction,a relatively complete flood and drought disaster prevention system combining engineering system and non-engineering system has gradually formed in China,and the flood and drought disaster prevention capability has reached the international medium level.In recent years,the established engineering system and non-engineering system play an important role in the defense of“July 23”extreme flood in the Haihe River basin,and the defense of drought disaster in Yangtze River basin in 2022,and other flood and drought disasters prevention and response.For the past few years,the national deaths and the ratio of direct economic losses to the GDP of the current's year caused by floods have shown an obvious downward trend,and the prevention of flood and drought disasters has achieved remarkable effectiveness.Affected by global climate change and human activities,flood and drought disasters in China are becoming more frequent,severer and wider.In order to deal with more extreme and abnormal flood and drought disasters,this article puts forward some ideas and suggestions such as constructing flood and drought disaster defensing matrix,perfecting flood and drought disaster defense engineering system,constructing digital twin river basins,and improving laws and regulations and management system and mechanism.

关 键 词：水旱灾害防御 工程体系 非工程体系 洪涝灾害 干旱灾害 水旱灾害防御矩阵 

分 类 号：TV87[水利工程—水利水电工程] TV877