美国化学杀虫剂安全评价模式的变革  

Reform of the Safety Evaluation Model of Chemical Insecticides in the United States

作　　者：刘源 尚智丛 LIU Yuan;SHANG Zhicong(School of Humanities,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,100049)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院大学人文学院,北京100049

出　　处：《自然辩证法通讯》2024年第8期94-101,共8页Journal of Dialectics of Nature

基　　金：北京市社会科学基金规划项目“公共决策科学化的哲学研究”(项目编号:21ZXA002)。

摘　　要：20世纪初期,随着化学杀虫剂的广泛使用,美国政府建立了化学杀虫剂安全评价模式。评价以杀虫剂残留对人类健康的短期危害为核心内容,安全评价标准较为片面,同时,管理体制混乱。20世纪中期,DDT的广泛使用及其社会作用的“嬗变”,促成了安全评价模式的变革。变革后的评价模式修正了管理机制,依据法律法规明确了美国环保局对杀虫剂产品注册、登记和监管的职责;完善了杀虫剂安全评价标准,要求制造商公布数据、增加安全分析试验以及划分危险等级。有效减少了杀虫剂产品对环境和人类造成的损害。新模式是各方利益的妥协产物,对日后美国及世界各国的杀虫剂安全评价模式产生了深远影响。In the early 20th century, with the widespread use of chemical pesticides, the U.S. government established a model for the safety evaluation of chemical insecticides. As the evaluation takes the harm of pesticide residues to human health as the core content, the safety evaluation standards are relatively one-sided,and the management system is disorganized at the same time. In the mid-20th century, the widespread use of DDT and the “transmutation” of its social role led to a change in the safety evaluation model. The reformed evaluation model revised the management mechanism, clarified EPA's responsibilities for the enrollment,registration and supervision of insecticide products according to the laws and regulations, and improved the safety evaluation standards of insecticides, requiring the manufacturers to publish data, increase safety analysis tests and classify hazard levels. These measures have effectively reduced the damage caused by insecticide products to the environment and humans. The new model is the product of a compromise of interests among all the parties involved and has a profound impact on the insecticide safety evaluation model of the future in the United States and other countries around the world.

关 键 词：评价模式 化学杀虫剂 核心价值 安全性 DDT 

分 类 号：G311[文化科学] S482.3[农业科学—农药学]