The Implications of Population Decline and Fiscal Austerity on Public Nature:Insights From the Evolution of Urban Park Management System in Japan  

人口减少与财政紧缩背景下的公共性——日本城市公园管理制度演变的启示

作　　者：Xizi XU Fumihiko SETA Noriko AKITA Kai ZHOU 徐夕子;濑田史彦;秋田典子;周恺(湖南工业大学城市与环境学院,株洲412000;日本东京大学工学系研究科都市工学专业,东京都113-8654;日本千叶大学园艺研究科,千叶县271-8510;湖南大学建筑与规划学院城乡规划系,长沙410082)

机构地区：[1]School of Urban and Environmental Sciences,Hunan University of Technology,Zhuzhou 412000,China [2]Department of Urban Engineering,The University of Tokyo,Tokyo 113-8654,Japan [3]Graduate School of Horticulture,Chiba University,Chiba 271-8510,Japan [4]Department of Urban and Rural Planning,School of Architecture and Planning,Hunan University,Changsha 410082,China

出　　处：《景观设计学（中英文）》2024年第4期8-25,共18页Landscape Architecture Frontiers

基　　金：国家留学基金管理委员会公派访学博士后面上项目“中、日大都会城市演化过程比较研究”(编号:202308430114)。

摘　　要：Facing challenges of population decline and fiscal austerity,Japan has implemented a series of initiatives to promote public-private partnerships(PPP)to ensure the sustainability of urban parks and revitalize urban spaces.These initiatives,while alleviating the government’s financial burdens on parks,have also raised concerns about the potential erosion of publicness and public interests resulted from the commercialization of public assets.This paper reviews the evolution of Japan’s urban park management system after World War II—including three phases of being purely public goods,initiating marketization,and diversifying management entities.The functions of parks have continuously enriched,and the construction,management,and operational modes have shifted from government-led towards multi-stakeholder participation,along with expanded funding sources.By examining the PPP types,driving forces,implementation mechanisms and challenges in urban park management,this paper points out that,in different eras and social contexts,the Japanese government has kept adjusting its role to maximize public interests.This has proactively updated the implications of publicness in infrastructure like urban parks,from a post-war opposite of publicness versus privateness on ownership,to the participation of private capital for a higher efficiency,and finally to a community for a stronger regional competitiveness.The reforms of urban park management system in Japan offer significant lessons and insights for urban infrastructure management in other countries and regions.在人口减少和财政紧缩的背景下,日本为实现城市公园的可持续性以及活化地方城市空间,采取了许多促进政府–民间合作的举措。这些举措在缓解公园财政困境的同时,也引发了关于公共资产商业化可能侵蚀公共性和公共利益的担忧。本文回溯了第二次世界大战后日本城市公园管理制度的历史变迁——包括完全公共品、开启市场化、管理多元化三个时期。在此过程中,公园的功能不断拓展,建设、管理和运营模式由政府主导向社会多方参与转变,资金来源也日益多样化。本文剖析了日本城市公园引入政府–民间合作的类型、驱动因素,以及实现机制与挑战,认为在不同时代和社会背景下,日本政府通过不断调整自身角色来引导公共利益最大化,积极推动了以城市公园为代表的基础设施“公共性”语境的转变:从二战后权属关系“公”与“私”的对立视角,转向引入民间资本参与的效率视角,再到提升地区竞争力的共同体视角。日本城市公园管理制度的改革实践对世界其他国家及地区的城市基础设施管理具有重要借鉴与启示意义。

关 键 词：Publicness Landscape Justice Public-Private Partnership “Private Finance Initiative”System for Parks Urban Parks Management System Urban Infrastructure 

分 类 号：TU984[建筑科学—城市规划与设计]