Land Grab and Land Grant:Contextualizing Landscape Justice in Social Forestry in Indonesia  

土地侵占与土地赠予:印度尼西亚社会林业中的景观正义

作　　者：Ziwei ZHANG 张子微(美国哈佛大学设计研究生院,剑桥02138)

机构地区：[1]Graduate School of Design,Harvard University,Cambridge,MA 02138,USA

出　　处：《景观设计学（中英文）》2024年第4期46-57,共12页Landscape Architecture Frontiers

基　　金：哈佛大学设计研究生院彭妮-怀特项目基金。

摘　　要：Social forestry has emerged as a popular approach to achieving landscape justice by empowering local communities.However,the development and implementation of such programs often face challenges.This paper explores the concept of landscape justice within the context of Indonesian social forestry in two ways.First,it juxtaposes the social forestry program with palm oil plantations to highlight the relationship between environmental initiatives and capital expansion,and the formation of green capitalism.By examining the historical development of social forestry,the paper argues that current political and legal frameworks have facilitated the depoliticization of previously radical,anti-capitalist,and anti-palm oil civil movements,despite notionally“empowering”local communities.Second,the paper interrogates the inclusivity of the social forestry program within local communities,noting that NGOs sometimes label local people as“cooperative”or“stubborn,”thus overlooking the pre-existing social tensions.The paper posits that more attention should be given to the social foundations underlying environmental projects and the new eco-social structure arising from environmental governance.社会林业通过赋权当地社区来实现景观正义,近年来广受关注。然而,社会林业项目的开发和实施常常面临挑战,较难实现真正的景观正义。本文通过两个方面探讨印度尼西亚社会林业中的景观正义概念。首先,本文将社会林业项目置于棕榈油产业扩张的政治经济背景中展开分析,揭示了环境项目与资本扩张之间的关系,以及绿色资本主义的形成。通过考察社会林业的发展历程,本文认为,当前的政治和法律框架尽管名义上予以当地社区特定的支持,实际上却削弱了以往激烈反对资本主义和棕榈油产业的运动的政治色彩。其次,本文审视了社会林业项目在当地社区所展现的包容性,指出一些非政府组织给当地村民贴上“合作”或“不合作”的标签,忽视了不同社会群体之间的既有关系。本文主张应更加关注环境保护项目运行的社会基础,并重视环境治理所产生的新型生态社会结构。

关 键 词：Social Forestry Landscape Justice Community-Based Natural Resource Management Green Capitalism Environmental Justice PLANTATION Indonesia 

分 类 号：TU986[建筑科学—城市规划与设计] F301.24[经济管理—产业经济]