当超级企业遭遇地缘政治——中美战略竞争中的台积电  

Big Tech in Geopolitics:TSMC in the Crossfire of China-U.S.Strategic Competition

作　　者：李巍[1,2] 李玙译 LI Wei;LI Yuyi

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学国际关系学院,北京100872 [2]中国人民大学美国研究中心,北京100872

出　　处：《国际展望》2024年第5期1-26,146,共27页Global Review

基　　金：中国人民大学2023-2025年度明德研究品牌计划“中国经济外交的理论与实践”(14XNJ006)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：被誉为全球芯片“代工之王”的台积电是一家非常典型的超级企业。尽管台积电在商业上取得了重大成功,但在日益激烈的地缘政治竞争中却陷入了巨大的“选边困境”,不得不做出违背经济效率逻辑和比较优势原则的商业选择,从高效的集中生产转向低效的分散生产。台积电陷入这种困境的原因在于,作为一家高度全球化的企业,其在技术、资本、市场和生产上高度依赖中美两大经济体。台积电既依靠美国的技术与资本支持,又依赖中国内地的市场与产业生态。近年来中美围绕半导体产业展开了激烈博弈,这使存在双重依赖关系的台积电面临着大国将经济要素“武器化”所带来的安全风险,其既不能“一边倒”,又很难“左右逢源”,只能“夹缝求生”。台积电的“故事”为我们展示了大国竞争如何影响一个超级企业的商业战略选择,从而在微观层面呈现了地缘政治环境塑造国际经济秩序的宏观图景。Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company(TSMC),hailed as the world’s leading chip foundry,exemplifies the notion of a“super enterprise”due to its mastery of core manufacturing technologies and dominant global market share.Despite its commercial success,TSMC finds itself ensnared in a“dilemma”amid escalating geopolitical tensions,forcing the company to make business decisions that contravene the principles of economic efficiency and comparative advantage.This dilemma arises from TSMC’s highly globalized nature,wherein it relies heavily on both the United States for technology and capital,and Chinese mainland for market access and industrial ecosystem support.The intensifying strategic competition between China and the United States over the semiconductor industry has placed TSMC in a precarious position,as it faces the growing risk of economic elements being“weaponized”by both powers.Consequently,TSMC is unable to fully align with either side,nor can it easily navigate a path that benefits from both.Instead,it must tread carefully in a highly challenging environment.TSMC’s situation serves as a classic example of how great-power rivalry exerts pressure on a super enterprise,influencing its strategic business decisions.This case study,in turn,provides a micro-level view of how the geopolitical landscape shapes the broader international economic order.

关 键 词：超级企业 选边困境 中美战略竞争 经济要素武器化 台积电 

分 类 号：D822.371.2[政治法律—政治学]