绿肥油菜还田提高水稻产量与土壤磷钾肥力  

Improvement of Rice Yield and Soil Phosphorus and Potassium Fertility by Green Manure Rape Returning

作　　者：盛雪雯 陶玥玥[1] 徐坚 吴正贵 王海候[1] 孙华[1] SHENG Xuewen;TAO Yueyue;XU Jian;WU Zhenggui;WANG Haihou;SUN Hua(Jiangsu Taihu Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences/National Soil Quality Observation and Experimental Station in Xiangcheng,Suzhou 215155,China;Suzhou Agricultural Technology Extension Center,Suzhou 215006,China;Taicang Donglin Cooperative Farm,Taicang 215400,China)

机构地区：[1]江苏太湖地区农业科学研究所/国家土壤质量相城观测实验站,江苏苏州215155 [2]苏州市农业技术推广中心,江苏苏州215006 [3]太仓东林合作农场,江苏苏州215400

出　　处：《大麦与谷类科学》2024年第4期29-34,共6页Barley and Cereal Sciences

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(32101854);江苏省重点研发计划(BE2020385);江苏省现代农业产业体系[JATS(2022)127]。

摘　　要：为评价太湖地区油菜花后作绿肥对水稻产量及稻田水土养分的影响,在太湖地区连续进行2年田间定位试验,明确在2种不同油菜-水稻种植模式[绿肥油菜-水稻、饲用油菜-水稻(CK)]引起的水稻籽粒产量、产量构成因子、土壤氮磷钾含量以及稻田田面水氮磷浓度变化。结果表明:与对照处理相比,油菜终花期后压青还田下2年水稻产量提高了6.1%~15.2%,试验第1年水稻产量显著增加主要是由于有效穗数显著增加了20.0%,成穗率显著提高了14.7%,穗实粒数显著提高13.1%(P<0.05),结实率、千粒质量2种处理差异无统计学意义。连续2年绿肥油菜还田下耕层土壤全氮含量差异无统计学意义,但速效磷和速效钾含量分别显著提高了31.6%和27.8%,同时移栽至分蘖期稻田田面水总氮和总磷浓度分别显著提高36.3%和53.7%(P<0.05)。由此,太湖地区油菜作绿肥还田可维持水稻产量并补充土壤磷钾库,但应结合配套油菜绿肥还田技术以降低稻田盈余养分潜在流失风险,为太湖保护区提供化学肥料有机替代和绿色防控等有效环保型施肥技术。To evaluate the effects of rape at final-flowering stage as green manure on rice yield,the concentration of soil and water nutrients,a two-year field experiment was carried out in the typical paddy field of the Taihu region.The effect of different rape-rice cultivation system(green manure rape-rice and forage rape-rice)on the grain yield,yield components,the concentration of soil total nitrogen,available phosphorus and potassium in the top soil as well as the total concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus of surface water in paddy field was studied.The results showed that the yield of rice with the return of green rape was increased by 6.1%~15.2%compared to the CK treatment.In the 1st experimental year,the number of effective panicles was significantly increased by 20.0%,the rate of panicle formation was obviously increased by 14.7%,and the filled grains per panicle were enhanced by 13.1%(P<0.05).No significant difference was found on the percentage of filled grains and 1000-grains weight.After two consecutive years with rape returning,no significant difference was found on soil total nitrogen concentration,but the available phosphorus and potassium content in the top soil were significantly increased by 31.6%and 27.8%,respectively(P<0.05).The total nitrogen and phosphorus concentration of farm surface water from transplanting stage to tillering stage were enhanced by 36.3%and 53.7%,respectively(P<0.05).Therefore,green manure rape returning can maintain rice yield as well as supplement of soil phosphorus and potassium nutrients.However,appropriate returning technique of green rape should be improved at the same time to reduce the pollution risk in the farmland,which can provide effective environmental protection fertilization techniques such as organic substitution of chemical fertilizers and green prevention and control.

关 键 词：绿肥油菜-水稻两熟 水稻产量 土壤养分 田面水养分 产量构成 

分 类 号：S141[农业科学—肥料学]