历数将易——《天官书》的文本编纂与司马迁的天人之学  

“The Calendar Is Going to Change”:A Study of Textual Compilation of the“Book of Chinese Constellations”and Sima Qian’s Celestial-Human Thoughts

作　　者：印志远 Yin Zhiyuan

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学中文系

出　　处：《中国文化研究》2024年第3期91-108,共18页Chinese Culture Research

摘　　要：以往学术史对于《天官书》的争论多集中于司马迁是否是文本作者的问题上。从出土文献来看,早期的天文类典籍多以单一的类型篇章进行流传,至于汉代,这些不同门类的天文文献开始融合成新的复合型文献,司马迁编纂的《天官书》即是如此。《天官书》材料来源杂驳融合了甘氏、石氏、唐都、魏鲜、王朔等学者单一的类型篇章而衍生出新的复合型天文文献。对比早期出土以及传世天文文献,可知早期的天文学说各有学术系统,《天官书》构建的天人体系是带有司马迁个人学术意志的一家之言,而这篇一家之言的学术系统影响甚远,其最终遮蔽了其他学派,成为古代天文学说的主流。同时,《天官书》的文本编纂也与汉武帝太初改历这一重大历史事件密切相关。《天官书》以太初元年为天文记录的分界点,既保留了旧有的天文数据,同时也预设了将来的星占之学。司马迁摹绘的天人系统试图囊括古往今来,其核心目的乃是为后世的哲王建立不易的终极法则。Historically,the debate in academic history regarding the“Book of Chinese Constellations”has mostly focused on whether Sima Qian was the author of the text.Based on excavated documents,early astronomical classics were mostly circulated through single-type chapters.However,during the Han dynasty,these various types of astronomical literature began to merge into new composite documents,such as the“Book of Chinese Constellations”compiled by Sima Qian.The source of materials of the“Book of Chinese Constellations”are diverse,incorporating single-type chapters from scholars such as Gan,Shi,Tang Du,Wei Xian and Wang Shuo,and deriving a new composite astronomical literature.Comparing the early excavated and handed down astronomical literature,it is evident that early astronomical theories had their own academic systems.The heaven and human system constructed by the“Book of Chinese Constellations”carries Sima Qian's personal academic intentions,which had a far-reaching influence on the academic system,eventually overshadowing other schools of thought and becoming the mainstream of ancient astronomical theories.At the same time,the compilation of the“Book of Chinese Constellations”is closely related to the major historical event that the Emperor Wu revised calendar in the first year of the Taichu period of the Western Han Dynasty.The“Book of Chinese Constellations”takes the first year of Taichu as the boundary point of astronomical records,which not only preserves the existing astronomical data,but also lays the groundwork for future astrology.Sima Qian's celestial-human system attempts to encompass the past and present,and its core purpose is to establish invariable ultimate rules for wise monarchs of later generations.

关 键 词：天官书 文本编纂 早期天文学 太初改历 

分 类 号：K2[历史地理—历史学] I2[历史地理—中国史]