全球环境空气质量标准研究及未来我国标准展望  

Research on Global Ambient Air Quality Standards and Future Prospects of China′s Standards

作　　者：和金梅 王宗爽[1] 郭敏[1] 顾闫悦 江梅[1] 胡京南[2] 武雪芳[1] 柴发合[2] HE Jinmei;WANG Zongshuang;GUO Min;GU Yanyue;JIANG Mei;HU Jingnan;WU Xuefang;CHAI Fahe(Environmental Standards Institute,Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences,Beijing 100012,China;Atmospheric Environment Institute,Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences,Beijing 100012,China)

机构地区：[1]中国环境科学研究院环境标准研究所,北京100012 [2]中国环境科学研究院大气环境研究所,北京100012

出　　处：《环境科学研究》2024年第9期1897-1910,共14页Research of Environmental Sciences

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(No.2022YFC3703001)。

摘　　要：我国作为全球第二大经济体,推进构建生态文明和美丽中国建设需要从全球视角研究环境空气质量标准。本文系统研究了各国环境空气质量标准的分级分类、污染物项目和浓度限值以及达标统计要求,并与我国现行《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)进行对比分析。结果表明:①全球有126个国家制定了环境空气质量标准,欧洲以94%的标准制定比例居于第1位。②各国环境空气质量标准以保护公众健康和社会物质财富为主,其中约1/4的国家对标准进行了分类分级或分区。③全球各国环境空气质量标准共纳入72项污染物,其中PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_(2)、NO_(2)、O_(3)、和CO是主要的污染物项目。④各国环境空气质量标准中,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_(2)、NO_(2)年均浓度限值分别在8~40、20~120、10~117、20~200μg/m^(3)之间,O_(3)日最大8 h平均浓度限值和CO 8 h平均浓度限值分别在60~256.8μg/m^(3)和2~22.9 mg/m^(3)之间;PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_(2)、NO_(2)全球人口密度年均加权浓度限值分别为18.1、39.1、41.4、52.6μg/m^(3),O_(3)全球人口密度日最大8 h平均加权浓度和CO全球人口密度8 h平均加权浓度限值分别为114.9μg/m^(3)和9.7 mg/m^(3)。⑤我国《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)中CO浓度限值严于大部分国家,在国际上处于领先水平;NO_(2)浓度限值与大部分欧美国家持平;SO_(2)、O_(3)、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的一级、二级浓度限值之间差距较大,一级浓度限值达到国际领先水平,但二级浓度限值普遍较宽松。⑥1/4~1/3的国家规定了达标统计要求,巴西和瑞士的要求相对较严,我国的达标统计要求在国际上较为宽松。因此,建议基于中国及全球最新空气质量基准、国内外标准以及我国污染物环境背景值、美丽中国基本实现要求、降碳减污协同影响等5个维度,修订提出新的环境空气质量标准,推动中国经济社会绿色转型和高质量发展,引As the world's second largest economy,China needs to comprehensively examine global environmental air quality standards,promote the construction of ecological civilization,and promote the development of Beautiful China.This article systematically studies the classification,pollutants,concentration limits,and statistical requirements for compliance with global ambient air quality standards,and conducts a comparative analysis with China's current Ambient Air Quality Standards(GB 3095-2012).The findings reveal that:(1)126 countries around the world have implemented ambient air quality standards,with Europe leading the way with a standard setting rate of 94%.(2)The ambient air quality standards in various countries mainly focus on protecting public health and social material wealth.About a quarter of the countries have classified,graded,or subdivided the standards.(3)Global ambient air quality standards cover 72 types of pollutants,of which PM_(2.5),PM_(10),SO_(2),NO_(2),O_(3) and CO are the most common.(4)Among the ambient air quality standards of 126 countries,the annual average concentration limits for PM_(2.5),PM_(10),SO_(2) and NO_(2) are 8-40,20-120,10-117 and 20-200μg/m^(3),respectively.At the same time,the upper limit of the 8-hour average concentration of O_(3) and the upper limit of the 8-hour average concentration of CO are 60-256.8μg/m^(3) and 2-22.9 mg/m^(3),respectively.In addition,the population density weighted annual average concentration limits for PM_(2.5),PM_(10),SO_(2),and NO_(2) are 18.1,39.1,41.4 and 52.6μg/m^(3) respectively.Population density weighted 8-hour(O_(3) is the daily maximum value for 8 hours)O_(3) and CO means are 114.9μg/m^(3) and 9.7 mg/m^(3).(5)China has stricter CO concentration limits than most countries and is positioning itself as a front-runner on the global stage.Notably,its NO_(2) standards are very consistent with those of many European and American counterparts.It is worth noting that there is a considerable difference between the primary and secondary thresholds fo

关 键 词：全球 环境空气质量标准 环境空气污染物 PM_(2.5) 臭氧(O_(3)) 浓度限值 

分 类 号：X51[环境科学与工程—环境工程] X65