稳定同位素视角下小麦对汉代以前黄河流域先民主食结构的影响  

Wheat Contribution to the Dietary Pattern of the Past Populations(c.2000 BC-220 AD)in the Yellow River Valley by Stable Isotope Evidence

作　　者：侯亮亮 贺霞霞 张国华[2] HOU Liangliang;HE Xiaxia;ZHANG Guohua(Department of Archaeology,Shanxi University,Taiyuan 030006;College of Life Science,Shanxi University,Taiyuan 030006)

机构地区：[1]山西大学考古文博学院,山西太原030006 [2]山西大学生命科学学院,山西太原030006

出　　处：《中国农史》2024年第4期87-100,共14页Agricultural History of China

基　　金：国家自然科学基金面上项目“基于多组学技术解析酸面团的微生物群落合成机制研究”(32172179);国家社会科学基金一般项目“稳定同位素视角下北魏平城地区的生业变迁及人群融合研究”(19BKG044);吉林大学生物考古实验室开放基金“稳定同位素视角下距今4000年前后黄土高原西北边缘的生业经济研究”(2022KFG03);山西大学杏花村学院(山西酿造产业研究院[筹])开放基金“高粱酿酒与古法(谷子)酿酒工艺及产品品质比较研究”(XCSXU-KF-202023);山西大学文瀛青年学者基金。

摘　　要：小麦何时成为我国先民主食结构的重要组成日益成为学术界广泛关注的重要课题。在植物考古和历史文献证据的基础上,本文对黄河流域小麦传入的关键时段——新石器时代晚期至两汉时期——人骨的C、N稳定同位素数据进行了综合分析,初步勾勒出小麦在具体时空范围内对先民食物结构的影响。结果显示,距今4000年至3800年前后,小麦开始对河西走廊地区先民食物结构产生冲击。距今3600年前后,小麦开始对甘肃、河湟及其毗邻地区先民的主食结构产生影响。然而,东周至两汉时期,小麦才对黄河中游地区先民的主食结构产生影响。具体而言,西汉至东汉时期,小麦开始对关中地区先民的主食结构产生明显影响。东周至两汉时期,小麦在今山西和今河南地区先民主食结构中的比重明显上升,显然,本时期是小麦推广的关键时期。这可能与冬小麦和石转磨等的出现及利农政策和人口的飞速增长等因素相关。然而,今内蒙古中南部地区和今山东地区的相关情况还有待进一步研究。未来如何精准判断小麦在先民主食结构中的比重,可能依然是研究中的重点和难点。The extent consumption of wheat in the diet of the past populations in China has been in-creasingly discussed and debated in recent years.Based on archaeobotanical evidences and historical records,here we review the stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic data of the past populations in the Yellow River valley from c.4000 BP to the Han Dynasties(202 BC—220 AD),focusing on the temporal-spatial consumption of wheat in human dietary pattern.Results show that wheat had been consumed in the Hexi Corridor from c.4000 BP to 3800 BP.And wheat had been consumed in the Hehuang and its contiguous region during 3600 BP.However,wheat had not been consumed abundantly in the Central Plain until the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.Concretely speaking,the dietary pattern with gradient wheat consumption for the most humans in the Guan-zhong area,Middle Shaanxi were presented during the Han Dynasties.And a similar dietary pattern was also appeared in Shanxi and Henan from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty to the Han Dynasties.Obviously,the period from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty to the Han Dynasties is a turning point for the expansion of wheat in the Yel-low River valley,which might relate to reasons of the emergence of winter wheat and the rotary mill,the car-ryout of new agricultural policies,and the population explosion.However,the related questions about wheat in central-south of Inner Mongolia,and Shandong should be researched further.In the future,we should still focus on the questions of distinguishing the extent of wheat consumption in human dietary pattern accurately.

关 键 词：稳定同位素 小麦的消费 黄河流域 东周至两汉 

分 类 号：S-09[农业科学] K207[历史地理—历史学]