牦牛放牧活动范围对高寒草甸冷季牧场植被群落结构和土壤理化性质的影响  

The effect of grazing yak's activity range on vegeta⁃tion community structure and soil physicochemical characteristics in cold season pasture of alpine meadow

作　　者：景媛媛[1] 徐长林[1] 鱼小军[1] JING Yuan-yuan;XU Chang-lin;YU Xiao-jun(College of Grassland Science,Gansu Agricultural University,Key Laboratory for Grassland Ecosystem,Ministry of Education,Grassland Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province,Sino-U.S.Centers for Grazing Land Ecosystem Sustainability,Lanzhou 730070,China)

机构地区：[1]甘肃农业大学草业学院,草业生态系统教育部重点实验室,甘肃省草业工程实验室,中-美草地畜牧业可持续发展研究中心,甘肃兰州730070

出　　处：《草原与草坪》2024年第4期54-63,共10页Grassland and Turf

基　　金：甘肃天然草原打草场培育利用关键技术研发与示范(2022CYZC-50)。

摘　　要：【目的】揭示家畜放牧过程中植物群落格局的变化趋势及放牧家畜的选择性采食和游走规律对草地的干扰范围和程度,为草地管理和草牧业生产提供参考。【方法】在天祝高寒草甸研究了放牧牦牛冷季牧场出入口及其周围1 000 m范围内的植被演替规律和土壤变化情况。【结果】600 m以外的草地植被多样性显著高于牧场出入口200 m范围的草地植被多样性,平均草层高度以600~800 m的范围较低,以出入口周围200 m的草层高度最高,在400~600 m的范围内的地上生物量变化较大。随着放牧牦牛的活动范围距离出入口渐远,植被地下生物量和植被盖度显著增加,可食性牧草的种类和数量显著增加(P<0.05)。土壤以牧场出入口周围100 m内的容重最大,土壤水分、土壤渗透速率和土壤饱和持水量最低。土壤全效养分在家畜活动频繁的出入口具有较低的含量,而在家畜活动范围较远的区域具有较高的含量。土壤速效养分在100 m和>800 m的范围具有较高的含量。【结论】距离牧场出入口较近的草地受践踏和采食频度的影响较高,使得植被物种单一,土壤易被侵蚀,造成了牧场出入口及200 m附近的草地植被结构发生变化。高寒草地牧场出入口及附近的草地植被和土壤特性变化反映了植被和土壤对放牧强度的响应,在实际的牧场管理中可对出入口进行更换,或在出入口进行补播,以防止草地退化。【Objective】The change trend of plant community pattern and the disturbance range and degree of grazing animals′selective feeding and migration rules to grassland were revealed,which provided reference for grass-land management and grassland husbandry production.【Method】The vegetation and soil changes of grazing yaks at gate of cold season pasture and within 1000 m range were studied in Tianzhualpine meadow in cold season.【Result】The results showed that the vegetation diversity of the grassland with a range beyond 600 m was significantly higher than that of the grassland with a range around 200 m.The average grass layer height was lower at 600 to 800 m,and the highest at 200 m around.The aboveground biomass varied greatly in the range of 400 to 600m.The underground biomass and vegetation coverage increased significantly with the distance far away from pasture gate,and the species and quantity of edible herbage increased significantly(P<0.05).The bulk density of soil was the largest within 100m of the ring beach,while the soil moisture,soil permeability rate and soil saturated water capacity were the low-est.The soil total nutrient content was lower in the area around the ring beach where livestock activity was frequent,and higher in the area where livestock activity was far away.The content of soil available nutrients was higher in the range of 100 m and>800 m.【Conclusion】The grassland near the pasture gate is trampled and fed frequently,which makes the vegetation species simple and the soil easy to be eroded,resulting in serious degradation of the grassland near 200 m.It is of practical significance to understand the changes of vegetation and soil characteristics for more sci-entific use and management of alpine grassland pasture in cold season.In the actual pasture management,the en-trance and exit can be replaced,or the re-seeding can be carried out at the entrance and exit to prevent the degrada-tion of the grassland.

关 键 词：高寒草甸 牦牛 放牧范围 植被群落 土壤特性 

分 类 号：S812.95[农业科学—草业科学]