马克思自然观的三重理论来源及其当代价值  

The Triple Theoretical Origins of Marx’s View on Nature and Its Contemporary Enlightenment

作　　者：苏振源 SU Zhen-yuan

机构地区：[1]中国科学技术大学马克思主义学院,安徽合肥230026

出　　处：《中国地质大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第5期12-22,共11页Journal of China University of Geosciences(Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“马克思主义认识论与认知科学范式的相关性研究”(2022&ZD034);中国科学技术大学研究生教育创新项目“现代化视域下的《马克思恩格斯列宁经典著作选读》教学探索与实践”(WY2010000150)。

摘　　要：马克思的自然观是空想社会主义学说、古典政治经济学和德国古典哲学三大知识传统综合创新的产物。“自然”概念在三大知识传统中发挥着奠基性的作用。空想社会主义把“自然权利”视为社会建构的尺度。古典政治经济学将现代社会分工体系看作满足人们“自然需要”的必要手段。德国古典哲学将“自在自然”理解为主体反思的起始环节。马克思自然观上的创新呈现为三条回环相扣的批判线索。其一是吸收古典政治经济学对社会分工的解剖,进而突破“自然权利”中私人利益与公共利益永恒对立的理论预设。其二是贯彻德国古典哲学对自在之物的批判,进而指认出“自然需要”观念在认识论意义上的局限性。其三是回溯空想社会主义的人本学唯物论源头、承继古典政治经济学解剖现代社会的理论构想,进而把德国古典哲学中思辨的自然观转化为对于“人化自然”的现实的批判。在此基础上,马克思最终确立了以人化自然为前提、以历史化了的自然为具体认识起点的辩证自然观。马克思的自然观为当代生态文明建设确立了科学的本体论根基、价值论立场和实践论导向。Marx’s view of nature is a product of the comprehensive innovation of the utopian socialism,classical political economy,and German classical philosophy.The concept of“nature”plays a foundational role in the early development of the three traditions.Utopian socialism regards the“state of nature”as the scale of social construction.Classical political economy regards the modern division of labor system as a necessary means to meet people’s“natural needs”.German classical philosophy understands“nature in itself”as the starting point of subject reflection.Marx reveals the non-naturalness of these categories and affirms their historical rationality,ultimately forming a dialectical view of nature based on the premise of humanized nature which is immediated by history.This process presents three interlocking critical clues.The first is to absorb the anatomy of social division of labor in classical political economy,and then break through the theoretical assumption of the eternal opposition between private interests and public interests in the“state of nature”.The second is to implement the reflective principle of German classical philosophy and identify that“natural needs”are products of a certain historical stage.The third is to trace back to the humanistic materialist origins of utopian socialist theory,and then transform the speculative criticism of“nature in itself”into a revolution in the reality of“humanized nature”.Marx’s view of nature has established a scientific ontology,axiology,and practical orientation for the construction of contemporary ecological civilization.

关 键 词：马克思 自然 辩证法 认识论 生态文明 

分 类 号：A811.63[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学]