资本的特性和行为规律新释:从“形式规定”到“悖论生成”  

A New Interpretation of the Characteristics and Behavior Laws of Capital:From“Specificity of Form”to“Paradox Generation”

作　　者：刘礼 吴文 LIU Li;WU Wen(School of Marxism,Central University of Finance and Economics,Beijing 100081,China;Institute of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China)

机构地区：[1]中央财经大学马克思主义学院,北京100081 [2]北京大学习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究院,北京100871

出　　处：《西安财经大学学报》2024年第5期18-28,共11页Journal of Xi’an University of Finance and Economics

基　　金：北京市习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心一般项目“《资本论》语境中资本的特性和行为规律研究”(22LLMLC050);中央财经大学2022年度“红色擎,龙马行”教师“思政+”专项支持基金项目“政治经济学视域中的人类命运共同体研究”(SZJ2204);国家社会科学基金一般项目“世界百年未有之大变局的政治经济学研究”(21BKS075)。

摘　　要：“形式规定”是《资本论》手稿中的重要方法论范畴,是“物质规定”和“本质规定”的辩证统一,体现了经济唯物主义的原则。经济范畴的本质关系并不在现象世界中显现,而必须借助一定的物质载体。因此不能将“物质规定”与“本质规定”混为一谈。资本作为生产关系的本质规定受到物质载体的多重遮蔽,形成了载体形式对实质内容的层层包裹,资本的复杂形式规定使其成为一种神秘性的存在。基于《资本论》及其手稿,只有站在“形式规定”的方法论高度,才能揭示“生产关系的物化”对本质关系的遮蔽,洞察“物的人格化”所导致的主客体关系的颠倒,从而把握资本所特有的悖论性和自反性。只有通过资本的悖论性存在,阐释资本运动中生成的机器悖论、劳动悖论、贫困悖论、人口悖论和生态悖论等多重悖论,才能深化对资本特性和行为规律的认识。资本的悖论性和自反性最终将走向对自身的否定,因此必须发挥政府在社会主义市场经济中的作用,有效实现对资本的规范、引导和驾驭。“Form determination”is an important methodological category in the manuscript of Das Capital,which is the dialectical unity of“material composition”and“essential composition”,and embodies the principle of economic materialism.The essential relations of economic categories do not appear in the phenomenal world,but must be carried out with the help of certain material carriers.Therefore,“material composition”should not be confused with“essential composition”.The essential stipulation of capital as a relation of production is masked by the material carrier,forming a layer of wrapping of the material form to the substance,and the form determination of capital makes it a mysterious existence.Based on Das Kapital and its manuscripts,standing at the level of the methodology of“form determination”,we can reveal the obscuration of the essential relationship by the“materialization of production relations”,gain insight into the reversal of the subject-object relationship caused by the“personification of things”,and grasp the unique paradox and self-reflexivity of capital.Only by explaining the multiple paradoxes generated in the movement of capital,such as the paradox of machine,the paradox of labor,the paradox of poverty,the paradox of population and the paradox of ecology,can we deepen the understanding of the characteristics and behavioral laws of capital.The paradox and self-reflexivity of capital will eventually lead to the negation of itself,so it is necessary to give full play to the role of the government in the socialist market economy and effectively realize the standardization,guidance,and control of capital.

关 键 词：资本特性 形式规定 行为规律 悖论 《资本论》 

分 类 号：F0-0[经济管理—政治经济学]