不同水旱轮作模式下秸秆还田与精量减氮对水稻产量、氮素吸收利用及土壤氮含量的影响  

Effects of straw returning and precise N reduction on rice yield,N uptake and utilization and soil N content under different paddy-upland rotation patterns

作　　者：胡明明 李志欣 丁峰 陈凯瑞 廖琴 吴子牛 熊莹 付浩 罗永恒 陈宗奎 杨志远[1] 孙永健[1] 马均[1] HU Ming-ming;LI Zhi-xin;DING Feng;CHEN Kai-rui;LIAO Qin;WU Zi-niu;XIONG Ying;FU Hao;LUO Yong-heng;CHEN Zong-kui;YANG Zhi-yuan;SUN Yong-jian;MA Jun(Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University/Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology,Ecology and Cultivation,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,China)

机构地区：[1]四川农业大学水稻研究所/作物生理生态及栽培四川省重点实验室,四川成都611130

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2024年第8期1500-1514,共15页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0301706,2017YFD0301701,2016YFD0300506);四川省育种攻关专项(2016NYZ0051);四川省教育厅重点项目(18ZA0390)。

摘　　要：【目的】水旱轮作模式不仅影响土壤氮素残留率,而且旱作季秸秆还田后带入土壤的氮量也不同,导致对后茬水稻的氮素供应也不同。研究考虑秸秆氮素条件下的精准减氮量,以充分发挥秸秆氮素和轮作模式优势。【方法】以四川地区主推品种‘F优498’为材料,在四川农业大学现代化农业科研园区进行大田裂区试验,以3种水旱轮作模式下的秸秆还田为主区:油菜–水稻轮作(RR)、小麦–水稻轮作(WR)、青菜–水稻轮作(CR);以3个施氮量为裂区:不施氮(N_0)、传统施氮量(N_(1))、精量减氮(N_(2))。根据计算,RR、CR和WR轮作模式下N_(2)处理的施氮量分别为120、145和140 kg/hm^(2),分别较N1处理(150 kg/hm^(2))减少氮肥用量20.00%、3.33%和6.67%。于水稻拔节期、齐穗期、成熟期取植株样分析干物质积累和氮素吸收量,成熟期测定水稻产量和产量构成因素。旱季作物和水稻收获后取0—20 cm土壤样品,测定全氮及碱解氮含量。【结果】与CR和WR处理相比,RR平均水稻产量2018年分别增加3.85%和13.06%,2019年分别增加14.01%和2.57%,主要原因是其能保证较高的有效穗数和千粒重,促进籽粒灌浆结实;2018年干物质积累总量平均分别增加1.84%和23.50%,2019年分别增加12.87%和4.19%;2018年氮素积累总量平均分别增加17.29%和14.59%,2019年分别增加10.50%和5.00%;2018年氮肥偏生产力分别增加11.43%和17.08%,2019年分别增加25.57%和11.42%。2018、2019年RR处理稻田土壤全氮含量分别较CR和WR处理增加16.67%和9.25%、14.69%和2.01%,碱解氮含量分别增加了13.90%和9.80%、17.76%和8.48%。同一轮作模式秸秆还田下,N_(2)处理的水稻产量、干物质积累、氮素吸收及土壤氮素含量与N_(1)处理多无显著差异,但氮肥偏生产力、氮肥生理利用率多表现为N_(2)>N_(1),其中2018年N2处理在RR模式下的氮肥偏生产力较N1处理显著增加23.50%,2019年显著增加20.89%。RR、WR和CR模式�【Objective】Paddy-upland rotation systems have different soil nitrogen residue,and the nitrogen brought into soil with the upland crop straw returning is different as well,leading to varied nitrogen supply for the following rice season.The precise nitrogen reduction rate was studied,considering the straw returned nitrogen amount,in order to fully use the straw nitrogen resources and advantages of rotation patterns.【Method】Using the main promoted variety‘F You 498’in Sichuan as the material,a large field split-zone experiment was carried out in the Modernized Agricultural Research Park of Sichuan Agricultural University in 2018 and 2019.The main plots were three paddy-upland rotation patterns,rape-rice rotation(RR),wheat-rice rotation(WR),and cabbage-rice rotation(CR);the subplots were three nitrogen application rates:no N application(N0),traditional N application rate(N_(1)),and precise N reduction(N_(2)),and the upland crop straw were all returned to field.By calculation,the N application rate in the N_(2) treatment of RR,CR,and WR was 120,145,and 140 kg/hm^(2),with N reduction rate over N_(1)(150 kg/hm^(2))of 20.00%,3.33%and 6.67%,respectively.At jointing,heading and maturity stages,rice plant samples were collected to investigate the accumulation of dry matter and N,and the yield and its components at maturity stage.Soil samples at 0—20 cm layer were collected after upland crop and rice harvest for the measurement of total N and alkali-hydrolyzed N content.【Result】Compared with CR and WR,RR increased the average rice yield by 3.85%and 13.06%in 2018,and by 14.01%and 2.57%in 2019,due to the higher effective panicles and 1000-grain weight;the average accumulation of dry matter increased by 1.84%and 23.50%in 2018,and by 12.87%and 4.19%in 2019;the average total N accumulation increased by 17.29%and 14.59%in 2018,and by 10.50%and 5.00%in 2019;enhanced the partial factor productivity of N by 11.43%and 17.08%in 2018,and by 25.57%and 11.42%in 2019.In 2018 and 2019,the soil total N content after rice ha

关 键 词：水旱轮作 旱作秸秆还田 精量减氮 水稻产量 氮素吸收利用 土壤氮素含量 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学]