狭义相对论时空观的图像解译  

IMAGE INTERPRETATION OF THE SPECIAL RELATIVISTIC SPACETIME VIEW

作　　者：缪劲松[1] 胡海云[1] MIAO Jinsong;HU Haiyun(School of Physics,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081)

机构地区：[1]北京理工大学物理学院,北京100081

出　　处：《物理与工程》2024年第3期22-27,共6页Physics and Engineering

基　　金：教育部高等学校大学物理教指委的2021年高等学校教学研究立项项目(DWJZW202113hb):以专题讨论为导向的《大学物理》线上/线下混合式教学体系的构建。

摘　　要：狭义相对论的时空观之所以抽象且难以理解,一方面是因为狭义相对论所涉及的时空效应,如同时性的相对性、长度收缩和时间延缓等,在实际中都很难被观测到;另一方面是因为我们很难将这些时空效应同时直观形象地描述出来,并且给出不同参考系各自观测到的时空效应之间的对应关系。本文针对这一问题,利用图示法将两个参考系在不同时刻观测到的时空图像表示出来,并结合具体数值对他们间的对应关系进行讨论。在图示法中同时考虑了同时性的相对性、长度收缩和时间延缓这三个狭义相对论重要的时空效应,这样可直观形象地看到在一个参考系中得到的观测结果会被另一个参考系所认同,正是这些彼此认同的观测结果构成了狭义相对论的时空观。通过对不同参考系中观察到的时空图像及其相互联系的讨论,可以加深学生对狭义相对论时空效应及洛伦兹变换的物理意义的理解。The space-time view of special relativity is abstract and difficult to understand,on the one hand,because the space-time effects involved in special relativity,such as the relativi-ty of simultaneity,length contraction and time delation,are difficult to be observed in prac-tice.On the other hand,it is difficult for us to visually describe these space-time effects sim-ultaneously and provide corresponding relationships between the space-time effects observed in different reference frames.This paper addresses this issue by using graphical representation to represent the spatiotemporal images observed by two reference frames at different times,and discussing their corresponding relationships with specific numerical values.In the graphic method,three important space-time effects of special relativity,namely,the relativity of sim-ultaneity,length contraction and time delation,are considered at the same time.In this way,it can be seen visually that the observation results obtained in one reference system will be rec-ognized by another reference system.It is these mutually recognized observations that consti-tute the space-time view of special relativity.By discussing the space-time images observed in different reference frames and their interrelationships,students can deepen their understand-ing of the space-time effects of special relativity and the physical significance of Lorentz trans-formation.

关 键 词：狭义相对论 时间延缓 长度收缩 同时性的相对性 洛伦兹变换 时空图像 

分 类 号：O412.1[理学—理论物理]