简析钢铁材料的磁学性质  

ON THE MAGNETISM OF IRON AND STEEL

作　　者：李红[1] 顾强[2] LI Hong;GU Qiang(National Demonstration Center for Experimental Materials Education,University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083;Department of Physics,University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083)

机构地区：[1]北京科技大学材料国家级实验教学示范中心,北京100083 [2]北京科技大学物理系,北京100083

出　　处：《物理与工程》2024年第3期186-190,共5页Physics and Engineering

摘　　要：钢铁制品在日常生活中随处可见;钢铁材料具有磁性也是广为人知的生活常识。实用的钢铁材料种类繁多,磁性的强弱也有显著差别。本文旨在解析这个生活常识背后所涉及的物理知识。总体来看,钢铁材料主要是含有少量碳元素的铁碳合金,此外还可能包含少量其他合金元素。合金元素的含量及种类对钢铁材料磁性的影响很大。本文主要结合铁碳二元合金相图介绍了不同含碳量钢铁材料的组分,并据此对材料磁性的变化进行了定性分析。概括来说,铁磁性主要来自于材料中可能包含的三种组分:铁素体、渗碳体和马氏体,而奥氏体则仅具有顺磁性。其中马氏体是一种处于亚稳状态的非平衡相,无法标记在平衡相图中。本文也可以作为学习和应用相图的一个教学案例。Iron and steel are among the most widely-used engineering materials.It is our common knowledge that iron and steel have magnetism and their magnetization varies significantly.Steel is mainly an alloy of iron and carbon,which may contain small amounts of other alloying elements.This paper gives a brief introduction and performs some preliminary discussions on the magnetism of iron-carbon alloys with different carbon content or metallographic structures,mainly based on the iron-carbon binary phase diagram.There are three ferromagnetic components in steel:ferrite,cementite and martensite.The latter is a metastable phase which does not appear in the phase diagram.This paper can serve as a teaching case for learning and application of the phase diagram.

关 键 词：磁性 相图 钢铁 铁碳合金 

分 类 号：TG142.12[一般工业技术—材料科学与工程]