自然犯是严重的民事不法吗?——民刑关系“义务同一说”之法理反思  

Are Mala in se Equal to Severe Civil Wrongs?——A Jurisprudential Reflection on the“Same Duty View”of Civil-Penal Relationship

作　　者：张峰铭 Zhang Fengming

机构地区：[1]中共中央党校(国家行政学院)政治和法律教研部

出　　处：《政法论坛》2024年第5期165-177,共13页Tribune of Political Science and Law

基　　金：2023年度中央党校(国家行政学院)校(院)级科研项目“数字人权的法理根基及其法治保障路径研究”(2023QN053)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：民事犯立场主张自然犯实质上就是严重的民事不法,可简称为民事犯,其相关刑事义务的来源与内容都依赖于民法。民事犯立场的支持者声称这一立场有助于强化刑事不法判断的明确性,是对民刑关系的恰当描述。民事犯立场是错误的,因为诉诸民法未必能强化刑事不法判断的明确性,而且民事义务与民事权利人的程序性处分权相关联,这无法解释刑事程序的公共性。另一种准民事犯立场认为,自然犯刑事义务来源于一种独立的公共义务,但该义务内容的识别仍然依赖于民法。准民事犯立场也不成立,因为准民事犯立场无法解释为什么不能完全采取民事救济的形式来回应违反公共义务的行为,需要引入额外的刑罚回应。自然犯所关联的刑事义务本质上并不是民事义务,而是公民义务。公民义务的内容不是要求履行民事义务,而是要求尊重国家的基本公共价值。The civil offenses view of Mala in se asserts that Mala in se are actually serious civil wrongs,which can be called civil offenses,and that the source and content of the related criminal duties depend on civil law.Proponents of the civil offenses view claim that this view helps strengthen the clarity of criminal wrongfulness judgments and is an appropriate description of the civil-penal relationship.The civil offenses view is wrong because recourse to civil law does not necessarily reinforce the clarity of criminal wrongfulness judgments,and because civil duties are linked to the procedural discretionary rights of civil rights holders,which conflicts with the public character of the criminal procedure.Another quasi civil offenses view holds that criminal duties associated with Mala in se derive from independent public duties,but the identification of the content of those duties still depends on civil law.The quasi civil offenses view also fails because it does not explain why a breach of a public duty cannot be responded to exclusively in the form of civil remedies and requires an additional penal response.Criminal duties associated with Mala in se are not civil duties,but civic duties.The content of a civic duty is not a requirement to fulfill a civil duty,but rather a requirement to respect the fundamental public values of the state.

关 键 词：自然犯 民事犯 义务违反 程序公共性 公民不法 

分 类 号：D924.1[政治法律—刑法学] D923[政治法律—法学]