近代新式“特别法院”建制考论——以《收回中东铁路司法制度之临时办法》为中心  

Discussion on the Establishment of“Special Court”in Modern-Style Court——Centered on the Temporary Measures for the Recovery of Judicial System on the Chinese Eastern Railway

作　　者：邓齐滨[1] Deng Qibin

机构地区：[1]黑龙江大学法学院

出　　处：《政法论坛》2024年第5期178-191,共14页Tribune of Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社科基金后期资助重点项目“哈尔滨法制史(1905-1949)”(23FFXA007);暨黑龙江省社会科学基金一般项目“革命根据地红色法治理念的传承与发展研究”(23FXB012)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：民国初年新式法院建设倍受国内外关注。1920年,以撤废俄国在华领事裁判权为契机,中国政府收回中东铁路司法权,阁议通过了《收回中东铁路司法制度之临时办法》4条。该办法从制定到颁布经过了多方角力,最终确定了设立近代中国新式法院中第一个“特别法院”——东省特别区域法院的方案。东省特别区域法院为此组建了清理俄人旧案处等特别机构,选拔和任用了有俄语和外交背景的特种司法人员,酌用了外国谘议调查员,并颁布了一系列规范性文件,以审慎变通的态度审理了大量的外侨刑事民事案件。以东省特别区域法院为样本,“特别法院”的建制尝试,成为近代收回治外法权的嚆矢,为民国时期陆续在上海等地建立特别法院提供建制经验,也为近代中国审理涉外案件提供了重要的审判参考。In the early years of the Republic of China,the construction of modern-style courts attracted significant attention both domestically and internationally.In 1920,with the abolition of Russian consular jurisdiction in China,the Chinese government recovered the judicial power of the Chinese Eastern Railway.The Cabinet adopted four articles of the Temporary Measures for the Recovery of Judicial System on the Chinese Eastern Railway.After many efforts from formulation to promulgation,the scheme was finally determined-the establishment of the first“special court”in modern China-the Special District Court of East Province.This court set up special organs such as the Department of Clearing up old cases of Russians,selected and appointed judicial personnel with expertise in Russian language and diplomatic backgrounds,employed foreign counselor,promulgated a series of normative documents,and tried a large number of criminal and civil cases of foreigners with a prudent and flexible attitude.Serving as a prototype,the Special District Court of East Province exemplified the establishment of“special court”,marking the beginning of the modern recovery of the extraterritoriality.This initiative provided institutional experience for the subsequent establishment of special courts in other places,like Shanghai,during the Republic of China and offered significant judicial references for handling foreign-related cases in modern China.

关 键 词：东省特别区域法院 新式法院 特别法院 治外法权 中东铁路 

分 类 号：D929[政治法律—法学] K25[历史地理—历史学]