分化与再造:《揭钵图》图式来源新探  

Differentiation and Reformation:A New Exploration of the Origin of the lmagery in"Jiebo Tu"

作　　者：宋艳玉 Song Yanyu

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学美术学院

出　　处：《美术观察》2024年第9期51-59,共9页Art Observation

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目“2023年华东师范大学优秀博士生学术创新能力提升计划项目”阶段性研究成果,项目编号:YBNLTS2023-036。

摘　　要：《揭钵图》是中国古代绘画中以佛教因缘故事为题材创作的艺术作品。存世《揭钵图》中出现了大量与佛传“降魔成道”图像相同或类似的图式,学界多认为是前者吸收或借鉴了后者的图式。但仍存在一些疑问,如《揭钵图》中的“鬼众”为何借鉴“降魔成道”图像中的“魔军”形象?明初佛经扉画《鬼子母揭钵》将“降魔”和“揭钵”融于同一画面,被视为“另类”,其图式来源是什么?本文通过图像对比及文献研究发现,唐代时,“佛化鬼子母”与“降魔成道”曾杂糅于一个图像之中,用以表现佛陀对内、外魔的降伏,被称为《降魔图》。北宋时,随着世俗文学中揭钵故事的发展与流行,“佛降鬼子母揭盂(钵)”逐渐成为独立的壁画题材。而后世《揭钵图》正是在其壁画稿本基础上进行的再创造。《揭钵图》既是佛教本土化、世俗化的产物,又是佛画图式跨媒介传播的典型。对《揭钵图》图式来源的探究,一方面可以还原该图像形成的整个过程,另一方面也有利于推进同类相关题材研究的深入。"Jiebo Tu"(or"Raising the Alms-Bowil")is an artistic creation in ancient Chinese painting that depicts stories from Buddhist karma.Many surviving"Jiebo Tu"pieces feature imagery that is identical or similar to the images of"Defeating the Demons and Attaining Enlightenment"from the Buddha's biography.Scholars generally believe that the former absorbed or borrowed the imagery from the latter.However,some questions remain,such as why the"ghost crowd"in"Jiebo Tu"borrowed the image of the"demon army"from the"Defeating the Demons and Attaining Enlightenment"scenes.The early Ming Dynasty Buddhist scripture frontispiece"Hariti Raising the Alms Bowl"combines both"Defeating the Demons"and"Jiebo"in a single picture,considered an anomaly,and raises the question of its imagery source.Through image comparison and literature research,this paper finds that during the Tang Dynasty,"Buddha Subduing Hariti"and"Defeating the Demons and Attaining Enlightenment"were once combined into a single image to depict Buddha's subjugation of both internal and external demons,known as"Defeating the Demons".By the Northern Song Dynasty,with the development and popularity of the Jiebo story in secular literature,"Buddha Subduing Hariti and Seizing the Bowl"gradually became an independent mural theme.Later"Jiebo Tu"works were recreated based on these mural drafts."Jiebo Tu"is both a product of the localization and secularization of Buddhism and a typical example of cross-media transmission of Buddhist painting imagery.Exploring the origin of the imagery in"Jiebo Tu"can restore the entire formation process of this image and promote in-depth research on related themes.

关 键 词：《揭钵图》 图式来源 “降魔成道”分化 

分 类 号：J219[艺术—美术] B948[哲学宗教—宗教学] K23[历史地理—历史学]