清华简《四告》所见周公告祭皋陶新解  

New Interpretation of Duke Zhou's Proclamation and Sacrifice to Gaoyao in Sigao of Tsinghua Bamboo Slips

作　　者：杜勇 旷开源 DU Yong;KUANG Kaiyuan(Jinan,Shandong 250100;Tianjin 300387)

机构地区：[1]山东大学历史学院,山东济南250100 [2]天津师范大学历史文化学院,天津300387

出　　处：《江汉考古》2024年第4期140-146,151,共8页Jianghan Archaeology

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“多卷本《西周史》”(项目编号17ZDA1789);天津师范大学研究生科研创新项目“商周祖先神向职能神的转化——以‘河’神与司慎为例”(项目编号2023KYCX035Z)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：告祭是商周时期常见的临时祭祀活动之一,其对象的选择往往取决于神灵的神性、权能及政治教化意义。清华简《四告》所记周公告祭的司慎皋陶,是天神系统中执掌降罚、降祸且象征用刑公正的刑罚之神。皋陶本为偃姓部族的祖神,相传他曾辅佐尧舜,担任刑官,兼掌戎事,为尧舜共同体的发展做出过重大贡献,于是从部族祖神转化为了天下共同崇祀的天神。在周公致政、成王亲政后,为了推进国家法制建设,维护天下安宁的政治局面,周公在会同典礼前告祭司慎皋陶,除了祈求神灵皋陶佑助成王,光大周邦事业外,同时意在发挥祭祀刑罚之神的政治教化作用,采取德刑并用的治国措施,内重法治,外征不庭,实施拓土开疆战略,以确保周人统治的长治久安。"告祭(proclamation and sacrifice)"was a common temporary sacrificial activity during the Shang and Zhou dynasties,with the choice of deities often based on their divine attributes,powers,and political significance.The Tsinghua Bamboo Slips"Sigao(Four Proclamations)"records the Zhou Gong's sacrificial offering to the deity Gao Yao,who is associated with punishment and justice within the pantheon of heavenly gods.Gao Yao,originally the ancestral god of the Yan clan,is said to have assisted Yao and Shun as a judge and military leader,significantly contributing to the development of their community.Consequently,he transitioned from a tribal ancestor to a universally revered deity.After the Duke of Zhou returned power and King Cheng began his reign,he conducted a sacrificial offering to Gao Yao before the ceremonial meeting to promote legal reforms and maintain political stability.This offering aimed not only to seek Gao Yao's assistance for the prosperity of the Zhou State but also to leverage the political and educational role of the god of punishment.By combining moral governance with legal enforcement,Duke Zhou emphasized the rule of law domestically while pursuing territorial expansion externally,ensuring the long-term stability of Zhou's rule.

关 键 词：清华简 《四告》 周公 司慎皋陶 告祭 

分 类 号：K877.5[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]