统摄·保举·掣肘:明清山东曲阜世职知县的选授与废除  

Domination,Recommendation and Restriction:Appointment and Abolishment of Hereditary County Magistrates in Qufu,Shandong in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

作　　者：吴佩林[1] WU Peilin(The Institute for Ancient Classics&Archives,Sichuan University)

机构地区：[1]四川大学古籍整理研究所,成都610065

出　　处：《清史研究》2024年第5期47-63,共17页The Qing History Journal

基　　金：国家社会科学基金中国历史研究院重大历史问题研究专项“中国历史上地方治理的实践及启示”(22VLS005);教育部中华优秀传统文化专项课题(A类)重大项目(尼山世界儒学中心/中国孔子基金会课题基金项目)“孔氏族谱的收集、整理与研究”(23JDTCZ013)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：“世职知县”是明清时期曲阜一邑所独有的治理模式。此项制度旨在保证孔子后裔不受他姓统辖,以此彰显朝廷尊崇儒学、优待圣裔的美意。但在运作过程中,世职知县与衍圣公、孔氏族人因宗法、公私、权责上的矛盾而冲突不断,以致曲阜治理弊病丛生,使制度饱受争议。为此,朝廷不断更改世职知县的选授标准、选授范围、选授流程和保举人数,其结果是衍圣公保举权不断式微和朝廷掌控力不断增强。世职知县从不断受限到最终废除,折射的是明清时期中央政府对地方控制的加强和国家大一统的意图,也反映出孔氏大宗与小宗、族权与政权、地方与中央的权力消长与博弈。The system of hereditary county magistrates was a unique governance mode of Qufu in the Ming and Qing dynasties,which aimed to ensure that the descendants of Confucius were not governed by others,so as to highlight the imperial court's respects for Confucianism and preferential treatment of his offspring.However hereditary county magistrates had been in constant conflicts with the duke of Yan Sheng Gong and the Kong's clansmen due to the contradictions in patriarchal clan,public and private interests,and rights and duties,which resulted to bad governance.Therefore,the system had been controversial.In response,the court had constantly changed the appointment criteria,scope,process,and the numbers of hereditary county magistrates,which led to the rise of the court's control and the fall of the power of Duke Yan Sheng Gong.The system underwent from continuous restrictions to final abolition,reflecting not only the central government's grip of local governments and the intention of national unity in the Ming and Qing dynasties,but the growth and decline of the Kong's big clan and small clan,clan power and political power,the local and central government.

关 键 词：明清 山东曲阜 世职知县 治理模式 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学]