爆破振动强度、波形与频谱研究综述:预测及主动控制  

Research Review on Blast Vibration Intensity,Waveform and Spectrum:Prediction and Active Control

作　　者：何理[1,2] 殷琳 钟冬望 张鑫玥[1] 赵永明 熊海涛 陈莎莎 NJAMBA Bruno HE Li;YIN Lin;ZHONG Dong-wang;ZHANG Xin-yue;ZHAO Yong-ming;XIONG Hai-tao;CHEN Sha-sha;NJAMBA Bruno(Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Systems Science in Metallurgical Process,Wuhan University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430065,China;Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering,Jianghan University,Wuhan 430056,China)

机构地区：[1]武汉科技大学冶金工业过程系统科学湖北省重点实验室,武汉430065 [2]江汉大学爆破工程湖北省重点实验室,武汉430056

出　　处：《爆破》2024年第3期189-204,262,共17页Blasting

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(52274136、51904210);爆破工程湖北省重点实验室基金项目(BL2021-11);湖北省重点研发计划项目(2020BCA084)。

摘　　要：岩石钻孔爆破不可避免地会产生爆破振动效应及危害,准确预测爆破振动效应并进行主动控制具有极大的现实意义。论文综述了近40年来,国内外研究人员在爆破振动预测及主动控制方面取得的研究成果。在爆破振动速度峰值(PPV)预测方面,经验模型预测方法体现出了较大的便捷性,但预测精度与效果较差,将概率统计理论引入经验模型预测方法,提高了PPV预测精度;而基波叠加预测方法可实现对振速、频率和持续时间的综合预测,但是该方法对振动基波的测试精度要求较高,同时亟须在行业内建立对爆破振动采集设备的定期标定与校核机制;人工智能预测方法极大提高了PPV预测精度,同时为多因素影响下的爆破振动效应预测提供了新思路,但需要建立在海量真实有效实测数据的基础上,目前还缺乏充实的振动测试样本数据库;PPV预测理论模型及数值模拟预测法对理论与专业知识、数值模拟技术等要求高,限制了两种方法在工程的普遍应用。在爆破振动速度主动控制上,可以确定合理的延期时间,采用毫秒延迟干扰减振法来降低PPV,但目前多为单一防护对象所提出的延期时间建议值;从调整爆破振动频谱结构的角度,通过主动改变延期时间调控爆破振动频率成分,可避开建(构)筑物自振频带,减小爆破振动危害,然而目前仅仅停留在理论层面或模型试验尺度条件下,缺乏大规模的现场应用实例。最后,对未来爆破振动预测及控制方面重点研究内容进行了展望。Rock drilling and blasting inevitably produce blasting vibration effects and hazards.The accurate analysis and prediction of blasting vibrations and effective active control methods are thus of great practical significance.This paper summarises the achievements in the prediction and active control of blast vibration velocities over the past 40 years.In terms of predicting the peak value of the blasting vibration velocity(PPV),empirical model prediction methods are very convenient,but their prediction accuracy and effectiveness are poor.By introducing probability and statistical theory into empirical model prediction methods,the accuracy of PPV predictions can be improved.The fundamental wave superposition prediction method can comprehensively predict the vibration velocity,frequency,and duration.However,this method requires high testing accuracy for fundamental vibration waves,which requires the establishment of a regular calibration and verification mechanism for blasting vibration data acquisition devices in the blasting industry.Artificial intelligence prediction methods can significantly improve the accuracy of PPV predictions and provide new ideas for predicting blasting vibration effects under the influence of multiple factors.However,these methods are all based on massive amounts of real and effective measured data,and a substantial database of vibration testing data samples is currently lacking.Theoretical PPV prediction models and numerical simulation prediction methods have also been proposed.However,the widespread application of these methods in engineering practice is limited owing to the requirements for professional knowledge and numerical simulation technology.In terms of the active control of blasting vibration velocity,reasonable delay time determination methods for reducing the PPV are first discussed based on the superposition interference effect of vibration waveforms.However,the recommended delay time values proposed by most current methods are only suitable for protecting a single target str

关 键 词：爆破振动 基波叠加 干扰减振 频谱控制 延期时间 

分 类 号：O389[理学—流体力学] O383.2[理学—力学]