有机肥替代化学氮肥对苹果树体生长及土壤养分时空变异的影响  

Effects of Organic Fertilizers Replacing Chemical Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Growth of Apple Trees and the Spatiotemporal Variation of Soil Nutrients

作　　者：陈亚楠 赵琪 何永波[1] 李倩 畅元生 李磊 CHEN Yanan;ZHAO Qi;HE Yongbo;LI Qian;CHANG Yuansheng;LI Lei(College of Horticulture,Shanxi Agricultural University,Taiyuan,Shanxi 030031;Linyi County Fruit Industry Development Center,Linyi,Shanxi 044100)

机构地区：[1]山西农业大学园艺学院,山西太原030031 [2]临猗县果业发展中心,山西临猗044100

出　　处：《北方园艺》2024年第17期26-33,共8页Northern Horticulture

基　　金：山西省现代农业产业技术体系建设资助项目(2023CYJSTX07-15);2023年度产业引领工程资助项目(CYYL23-20);山西省基础研究计划-青年科学研究资助项目(202103021223161);山西省高等学校科技创新资助项目(2022L106)。

摘　　要：以十五年生盛果期乔化短枝“富士”苹果为试材,设置有机肥替代20%、40%、60%、100%的化学氮肥处理,以单施化肥处理为对照,研究不同比例的有机肥替代化学氮肥处理对树体生长、新梢养分及土壤养分含量等的影响,以期为山西省苹果种植科学施肥提供参考依据。结果表明:与对照相比,在有机肥替代40%的化学氮肥处理下新梢长度、新梢基部粗度、叶片数、叶片叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)分别增加24.94%、9.70%、21.35%、2.27%;同处理下,果实单果质量增长幅度最大,增加11.74%。在有机肥替代60%的化学氮肥处理下,新梢枝条全钾含量增加81.60%。此外,有机肥替代40%和100%的化学氮肥处理后各处理上层土壤(0~40 cm)全氮含量均降低。与试验开始前土壤基础速效钾含量相比,对照、有机肥替代40%、100%的化学氮肥处理导致0~20 cm土壤速效钾含量分别降低39.39%、37.28%、26.98%。随着土壤深度增加,有机肥替代40%化学氮肥处理下60~100 cm土壤有效磷含量降低13.91%~44.34%。综上所述,有机肥替代化肥可以促进树体及果实生长,提高土壤养分利用效率,其中化肥减施40%的效果最好。Fifteen-year-old‘Fuji’apple trees in a vigorous fruit period were used as the experimental material.The experiment had four organic-chemical replacement treatments with a replacement ratio of 20%,40%,60%and 100%,respectively,with a chemical fertilizer treatment as the control.The effects of organic-chemical replacement on apple tree growth,shoot nutrients and soil nutrient contents were studied,in order to provide reference for scientific fertilization of apple cultivation in Shanxi Province.The results showed that compared with the control,organic-chemical replacement by 40%increased the length of new shoots,the base roughness of new shoots,the number of leaves and the SPAD value of leaves by 24.94%,9.70%,21.35%and 2.27%,respectively.In the same treatment,the single fruit weight was increased by 11.74%,respectively.Organic-chemical replacement by 60%increased total potassium content of new shoots by 81.60%.Both 40%and 100%replacement treatments decreased total nitrogen content in the upper soil(0-40 cm).Compared with the soil basic available potassium content measured before starting the experiment,contents of available potassium in the 0-20 cm soil of the control,40%replacement and 100%replacement treatments decreased by 39.39%,37.28%and 26.98%,respectively.As soil depth increased,content of available phosphorus in the 60-100 cm soil depth of the 40%replacement treatment decreased by 13.91%-44.34%.In summary,organic-chemical replacement was found to promote the growth of apple trees and fruits,and increase soil nutrient utilization efficiency.A replacement by 40%achieved best agronomic and environmental outcomes among all treatments.

关 键 词：苹果 有机替代 养分 时空变异 

分 类 号：S661.1[农业科学—果树学]