宣告死亡准用说的证成与展开  

Justification and Development of Theory of Permissible Application of Declaration of Death

作　　者：张焕然 Zhang Huanran

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学民商经济法学院

出　　处：《法学》2024年第9期126-140,共15页Law Science

基　　金：中国法学会民法学研究会2022年青年学者研究项目“民法规范类型理论的完善与重构”(项目号:2022MFXH003)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：虽然法条中使用了“推定死亡”的表述,但宣告死亡的性质不是推定,因为其不符合推定规范的必要特征,应舍弃推定说。尽管“视为死亡”亦可能为宣告死亡的语词标志,但将其解释为虚构死亡事实会与既有规定相矛盾,应抛弃拟制说。无论法条中使用何种表述,宣告死亡的性质均为准用规范。在自然人失踪与自然死亡的相似之处,宣告死亡的效果与自然死亡的效果亦相同;在自然人失踪与自然死亡的不同之处,这两类死亡的效果亦有所区别。我国《民法典》关于宣告死亡的规定系准用规范的具体外化。宣告死亡规范群在后案中的适用前提是生效的宣告死亡判决,若要消除判决的既判力,后诉的当事人须另案申请撤销死亡宣告,同时申请中止诉讼。唯有采准用说,所有关于宣告死亡的实体法规定和程序法规定才能被无矛盾地加以解释。Although the term"presumption of death"is used in the law,the nature of declaration of death is not a presumption,because it does not meet the necessary characteristics of the norm of presumption,and the doctrine of presumption should be discarded.Although"deemed as death"may also be a verbal signifier of the declaration of death,interpreting it as fictitious death would contradict the established rules,and the doctrine of legal fiction should be rejected.Regardless of the expression used in the law,the nature of the declaration of death is a reference application.If the disappearance of a natural person is similar to a natural death,the effects of a declaration of death are the same as those of a natural death;if they are different,the effects of the two types of death are also different.The provisions of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China on the declaration of death are a concrete externalization of the reference application.The application of the normative group of the declaration of death in subsequent cases presupposes the res judicata of a judgment of the declaration of death,and in order to eliminate the res judicata effect of the judgment,the party to the subsequent case must apply for the revoke of the declaration of death in a separate case,and at the same time apply for a stay of proceedings.Only by adopting the doctrine of reference application can all the provisions of substantive and procedural law on the declaration of death be interpreted without contradiction.

关 键 词：宣告死亡 推定 拟制 准用 非讼程序 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]