关于中日甲午战争期间清政府外交政策的若干反思  

Some Reflections on the Qing Government's Foreign Policy during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895

作　　者：崔志海[1,2] Cui Zhihai

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院大学 [2]中国社会科学院近代史研究所

出　　处：《抗日战争研究》2024年第3期38-53,M0003,M0004,共18页Studies of the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression

基　　金：中国社会科学院“长城学者计划”资助成果。

摘　　要：清政府在中日甲午战争期间外交上的失败,一在对朝政策上,一开始没有根据国际形势变化及时主动调整中朝传统宗藩关系,在袁世凯驻扎朝鲜总理交涉通商事宜期间虽暂时扩大了中国在朝鲜的影响力,巩固和加强了对朝鲜的控制和宗主国地位,但又不自觉地成为列强尤其是日本借手中国夺取朝鲜的工具。二在对日外交上,先是对明治维新以来的日本侵朝活动采取绥靖政策,将朝鲜置于中日共同保护之下。继而在战争爆发前夕的中日交涉中重虚名,拘泥于中朝宗藩关系,一再中计,为日本发动战争提供可乘之机。在战争爆发后的中日和谈中,没有利用“高升”号事件和马关谈判期间发生的日本互徒刺杀李鸿章事件,主动交涉,为中国争回一些有利条件,反而让日本化被动为主动。三在对列强外交上,过度轻信和依赖,结果被列强真假参半的承诺“骗苦”。在决定开战之后错误地同意和选择列强中最为亲日的美国作为战时中日两国侨民的保护国和中日和谈的唯一调停人。清政府外交上的失策留给我们的一个深刻教训是:外交无小事,弱国更需要外交!There are three reasons for the Qing government's diplomatic defeat during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895.Firstly,the Qing government at the beginning did not actively and timely adjust the traditional suzerain-vassal relationship with Korea according to the changes in the international situation.As a Special Envoy Stationed in Korea to Negotiate Trade Matters,Yuan Shikai temporarily expanded China's influence in Korea,consolidated and strengthened China's control of Korea and its suzerain status,but unconsciously became a tool for foreign powers,especially Japan,to use China to seize Korea.Secondly,at the beginning it adopted a policy of appeasement to the Japan's aggression against Korea since the Meiji Restoration,and put Korea under the joint protection of China and Japan.Then,in the negotiations between China and Japan on the eve of the outbreak of the War,the Qing government valued bubble reputation and stuck to the Sino-Korean suzerain-vassal relationship,and was trapped again and again,providing an opportunity for Japan to launch the War.In the Sino-Japanese peace talks after the outbreak of the War,the Qing government did not take advantage of the Kaoshiung Incident and the assassination of Li Hongzhang by a Japanese gangster during the Shimonoseki negotiations to take the initiative to negotiate and recover some favorable conditions for China,but made Japan turn passive into active.Thirdly,the Qing government was excessively credulous and dependent on the great powers and was"cheated"by their promises that were both true and false.After deciding to declare war,it mistakenly agreed to and chose the United States,the most pro-Japan country among the great powers,as the protectorate of Chinese in Japan and Japanese in China and the sole mediator of the Sino-Japanese peace talks.The Qing government's diplomatic mistakes left us a profound lesson:diplomacy is no small matter,and weak countries need diplomacy more!

关 键 词：中日甲午战争 清朝外交政策 朝鲜问题 列强外交 

分 类 号：K25[历史地理—历史学]