人道主义援助与冷战——1980年代美国应对埃塞俄比亚饥荒的历史考察  

Humanitarian Aid and the Cold War:A Survey of the U.S.Response to the Ethiopian Famine in the 1980s

作　　者：姬庆红[1] 王延庆[1] JI Qinghong;WANG Yanqing(School of History and Culture,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730030,China)

机构地区：[1]兰州大学历史文化学院,甘肃兰州730030

出　　处：《安徽史学》2024年第5期91-101,共11页Historical Research In Anhui

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“冷战时期美苏对非洲之角政策研究”(21BSS001)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：冷战期间,人道主义援助是美国对外政策的重要工具之一。由于连年旱灾、落后的农业生产力、社会体制现代化程度不足和长期内战等原因,埃塞俄比亚在1980年代前期发生了大范围的饥荒。最初,里根政府拒绝提供人道主义救助,以促使门格斯图政权倒台,后因国内政治和社会压力而成为最大的粮食捐助国,但其反共产主义的本质贯彻始终。苏联因经济低迷和粮食增产停顿,对埃塞俄比亚的人道主义援助则较少;以交通工具和医护人员为主,却被广为宣传。里根政府高估了其大规模救助对门格斯图政府消解西方意识形态抗拒力的作用,而门格斯图则在获得国际人道主义援助的同时,维持了政权稳定及其与苏联的关系。During the Cold War,humanitarian assistance in the United States foreign policy was an irreplaceable utensil on foreign policy.Due to ends consist of persistent drought,primitive agricultural productivity and stagnation of social-institutional modernization and enduring civil war,a widespread famine broke out in Ethiopia in the early 1980s.The Reagan administration initially refused to provide assistance in an attempt to destabilize and stimulate the abdication of Mengistu’s governance.However the policy was abolished under the political and social pressures,thus made U.S.the largest food donor to Ethiopia.Meanwhile,the Soviet Union,with and dim economy and food shortages,provided assistance mainly by vehicles and limited medical teams.In consequence,the Reagan administration overestimated the effect of real interests to dissolve the ideological resistance of the military regime.Mengistu maintained reigning stably and enhanced the bound with the Soviet Union while keep obtaining assistance from the West.

关 键 词：人道主义 冷战 美国 埃塞俄比亚 饥荒 

分 类 号：K712.54[历史地理—历史学] K421.6[历史地理—世界史]