“少/免不得”“少/免/短不了”的情态演变及表达功用  

On the Modal Evolutions and Expression Functions of“Shao/mianbude(少/免不得)”and“Shao/mian/duanbuliao(少/免/短不了)”

作　　者：周红[1] 李文洁 Zhou Hong;Li Wenjie(School of International Cultural Exchange,Shanghai University of Finance and Economics,Shanghai 200433,China;Shanghai Dahushan Road No.1 Primary School,Shanghai 200438,China)

机构地区：[1]上海财经大学国际文化交流学院,上海200433 [2]上海打虎山路第一小学,上海200438

出　　处：《河北工业大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第3期79-86,共8页Journal of Hebei University of Technology：Social Sciences Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目(17BYY146)。

摘　　要：能性述补词语“少/免不得”“少/免/短不了”经历了由道义情态到认识情态的演变过程。受“少”“免”“短”语义制约,以及“X不得”“X不了”结构的影响,五个词语在情态表达类别及使用频率上产生了此消彼长的变化。“少/免不得”出现早于“少/免不了”,前者数量由多到少,后者数量由少到多。“短不了”数量一直极低。“少不得”“少不了”多表道义情态,“免不得”“免不了”“短不了”多表认识情态。“少不得”“少不了”多后接中性成分,“免不得”“免不了”“短不了”多后接消极性成分。五者均都用于叙事,不同的是“少不得”还用于议论,“免不得”“免不了”多用于议论,“短不了”多用于对话。The potential verb-complement words"shao/mian bu de"(少/免不得)and"shao/mian/duan bu liao(少/免/短不了)"have evolved from dynamic modality to deontic modality,and from dynamic modality to epistemic modality.The five words vary in terms of modal expressions categories and frequency of use due to the semantic constraints of"shao(少)","mian(免)"and"duan(短)",as well as the structure of"X bude"(X不得)and"X buliao"(X不了)."shao/mian bu de(少/免不得)"appears earlier than"shao/mian/duan bu liao(少/免/短不了)".The former is from more to less,and the latter is from less to more.The number of"duan bu liao(短不了)"has been extremely low."shao bu de(少不得)"mostly denotes the moral modality,"shaobuliao(少不了)"mostly denotes the dynamic modality,and"mian bu de(免不得)""mian bu liao(免不了)""duan bu liao(短不了)"mostly denotes the cognitive modality/epistemic modality."shao bu de"(少不得)and"shao bu liao"(少不了)are mostly followed by neutral components,while"mian bu de"(免不得),"mian bu liao(免不了)"and"duan bu liao"(短不了)are mostly followed by negative components.All five are used for narration,but the difference is that"shaobude(少不得)"is also used for discussion,"mian bu de(免不得)""mian bu liao(免不了)"are mostly used for discussion and narration,and"duan bu liao(短不了)"is mostly used for dialogue.

关 键 词：少不得 免不得 少不了 免不了 短不了 情态演变 表达功用 

分 类 号：H109.4[语言文字—汉语]