人工智能应用与企业就业吸纳——来自中国上市公司年报文本分析的证据  

Artificial Intelligence Application and Enterprise Employment:Evidence from Textual Analysis of Chinese Listed Companies' Annual Reports

作　　者：彭树宏 PENG Shu-hong(School of Public Finance and Public Administration,Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics,Nanchang,Jiangxi,330013,China)

机构地区：[1]江西财经大学财税与公共管理学院,江西南昌330013

出　　处：《经济管理》2024年第8期42-64,共23页Business and Management Journal ( BMJ )

摘　　要：新一代人工智能技术的广泛应用引发了人们对技术性失业的普遍担忧。但由于数据所限,现有人工智能对就业影响的实证研究多在宏观层面展开,缺乏微观作用机制和发生条件的实证检验。本文基于中国上市公司年报文本数据构建企业层面的人工智能应用程度的测度指标,考察人工智能应用对企业就业吸纳(下文中有些简称企业就业)的影响效应和多重影响机制。研究发现:人工智能应用会显著提升企业就业水平,该结论在各种稳健性检验中均成立;人工智能应用主要通过提升企业生产率和竞争力,进而扩大企业生产规模来促进企业就业;只有当产品需求价格弹性较大、人工智能技术能力较强且与企业应用场景契合度较高时,人工智能应用的就业促进效应才会出现;人工智能应用对企业就业的促进效应在大规模企业、出口企业、国有企业、劳动力密集型行业企业、高市场集中度行业企业中更为显著;人工智能应用的就业效应存在溢出现象,人工智能应用会促进本地区人工智能生产企业的就业,同时减少同行业中未应用人工智能企业的就业。本文研究结论能为政府制定人工智能相关产业政策提供有益启示,使人工智能时代的教育政策、反垄断政策和出口贸易政策得到优化。At present,a new generation of scientific and technological revolution represented by artificial intelligence is emerging globally,and a new round of industrial change characterized by intelligence and digitization is accelerating.AI technologies such as voice recognition,image recognition and drones are constantly being applied on the ground,and AI products such as robots,translators and face recognition systems are being widely integrated into economic production activities,greatly improving the production efficiency of all aspects of research and development,manufacturing,operations and services.At the same time,there is a general concern in society about technological unemployment brought about by the widespread application of AI. However,due to the lack of data at the micro enterprise level,current research on the employment effects of AI technology application has mainly been conducted at the macro-level of industries and regions.Since enterprises are the main parties involved in hiring decisions,macro-level studies are unable to examine the impact mechanism in depth;and because of spillover effects,the conclusions of macro-level studies may not be applicable to the micro level.This paper constructs enterprise-level measures of the degree of AI application based on textual data from the annual reports of Chinese listed companies,and examines the effects and multiple mechanisms of AI application on enterprise employment. This paper asks five questions and gives empirical answers to each of them.Firstly,do AI applications raise the level of corporate employment? Artificial Intelligence applications significantly increase the level of corporate employment,and this conclusion holds in various robustness tests.Secondly,why does AI application enhance the level of corporate employment? Current AI applications mainly promote enterprise employment by enhancing enterprise productivity and competitiveness and then expanding enterprise production scale.Thirdly,what type of labor force in a firm is boosted by AI applic

关 键 词：人工智能 就业 文本分析 规模效应 溢出效应 

分 类 号：F24[经济管理—劳动经济]