近代外国在华企业投资述略(1843-1937年)  

A Brief Account of Foreign Enterprise Investment in China in Modern Times(1843-1937)

作　　者：杜恂诚[1] Du Xuncheng

机构地区：[1]上海财经大学经济学院,上海200433

出　　处：《中国经济史研究》2024年第5期5-28,共24页Researches in Chinese Economic History

摘　　要：在制作《历年所设外国在华企业一览表(1840-1937年)》的基础上,本文对近代外商在华企业投资作了总体性的研究。1894年之前是先行者优势时代,一些鸦片商和早期在华的贸易商占得先机,形成了若干大的在华投资势力;从19与20世纪的世纪之交开始,西方及日本财团寡头势力来华,大多把中国作为其产品的销售市场。两股西方及日本垄断势力,挟三次工业革命成果来华,在劳动密集型产业领域,如棉纺织、卷烟等,外商投资设立生产企业,是为了降低用工成本,同时接近产品的销场,但这种投资是不配套的,缺乏基础产业支撑;在更多产业领域,尤其是资本密集型产业领域,如石油、汽车、机械、化工等,西方及日本财团寡头采取在华倾销产品的战略。外商投资以消费需求和新型城市化为导向,而不是以中国经济增长和结构优化为导向。外商投资兼具负面和正面两种历史作用,它引领中国经济与世界经济接轨和早期新型城市化,但因为将在华投资所引发的有利因素转移至其国内、寡占使得市场竞争不充分以及吸纳大量中国人资金等原因,在客观上延缓了中国经济的转型速度,推迟了中国经济起飞的可能性。Based on the production of the"List of Foreign Enterprises Established in China over the Years(1840-1937)",a comprehensive study was conducted on the investment of modern foreign enterprises in China.Before 1894,it was the era of pioneer advantage,where some opium traders and early traders in China took the lead and formed several major investment forces in China;Since the turn of the century in the 19th and 20th centuries,Western and Japanese financial oligarchs have come to China,mostly using China as a sales market for Western and Japanese products.Two monopolistic forces,leveraging the achievements of the three industrial revolutions,have come to China.In labor-intensive industries such as cotton textiles and cigarettes,foreign investment in establishing production enterprises is aimed at reducing labor costs and approaching product sales markets.However,this type of investment is not complementary and lacks support from basic industries;In more industrial sectors,especially capital intensive industries such as oil,automobiles,machinery,chemicals,etc.,Western and Japanese conglomerates have adopted a strategy of dumping products in China.Foreign investment is guided by consumer demand and new urbanization,rather than China's economic growth and structural optimization.Foreign investment has both negative and positive historical effects.It leads the Chinese economy to align with the world economy and early new urbanization.However,due to the transfer of favorable factors caused by investment in China to its domestic market,oligopoly,insufficient market competition,and the absorption of a large amount of Chinese capital,it objectively delays the speed of China's economic transformation and the possibility of China's economic takeoff.

关 键 词：近代外商 在华企业投资 先行者优势 财团寡头 正负面作用 

分 类 号：K25[历史地理—历史学] F832.6[历史地理—中国史]