气候变化责任体系研究  

A Study on the Accountability System in Climate Change Law

作　　者：王明远[1] 张金晓 Wang Mingyuan;Zhang Jinxiao

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院,北京100084

出　　处：《四川大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第5期47-56,209,共11页Journal of Sichuan University：Philosophy and Social Science Edition

摘　　要：责任制度是气候变化法的重要组成部分,也是实现碳达峰与碳中和目标的坚实法治保障。域外气候变化责任制度已呈现一定的体系性特征,其中法律责任的主要模式有单一主体型与混合主体型、集中来源型与分散来源型、行政法律责任型与刑事法律责任型;部分国家的气候变化法在规定法律责任的同时还规定了政治问责与行政问责。气候变化法具有政策法与监管法的双重维度,并面临科学不确定性等难题,这决定了气候变化责任制度不应局限于单一责任来源、单一责任主体、单一责任类型,责任制度的体系化建构成为气候变化法的重要内容和特点。有鉴于此,未来我国气候变化责任制度应是规范公权力机关与私主体,包括行政法律责任、刑事法律责任、政治问责与行政问责,涉及综合性气候变化法、其他单行法与下位法的体系性构造。The accountability serves as a vital component in climate change law,underpinning the achievement of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality targets.Numerous foreign climate change laws have already prescribed accountability mechanisms,exhibiting a degree of systematic characteristics in terms of subject,source and type.As for the liability,its main modes include single subject and mixed subject,focused source and scattered source,administrative liability and criminal liability.In addition,political accountability and administrative accountability have also been established in some countries.The needs for the systematization of accountability in climate change law come from two aspects.On the one hand,the climate change law has the dual dimensions of policy law and regulatory law,so both public authorities and private subjects are accountable when violating their legal obligations.Additionally,the climate change law faces the challenge of scientific uncertainty,which leads the legislatures to enact principled and framework-based laws due to limited expertise and resources.On the other hand,some of the liability mechanisms,particularly those pertaining to public authorities,may become dysfunctional in addressing climate change challenges.In contrast,the political accountability and administrative accountability can perform a more adequate preventive and supervisory function.Consequently,a comprehensive accountability system that transcends a single source of norms,a single subject,or a single type becomes indispensable for the climate change law.Pure liability is insufficient to contend with the intricacies of climate change law,as it underscores the significance of incorporating political accountability and administrative accountability into the broader accountability system.In China,the systematization of accountability represents a key focus for future climate change legislation.Drawing upon foreign experience,general jurisprudence,and domestic realities,this can be achieved by multiple avenues.At the level of sou

关 键 词：气候变化法 责任体系 法律责任 政治问责 行政问责 

分 类 号：D922.6[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学]