清代的地权习惯与法律介入--国家与市场的互动视角  

Land Customs and Legal Involvement in the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：赖骏楠 LAl Junnan

机构地区：[1]复旦大学法学院

出　　处：《法学研究》2024年第5期187-203,共17页Chinese Journal of Law

摘　　要：清代地权习惯浸透着市场法理。考察清代国家法对地权习惯的应对,既有助于澄清清代国家与市场的具体关系,又能为检验相关经济学理论提供重要案例。在诸种有利的制度和意识形态条件下,清代中国拥有前工业社会中最为成熟的地权市场体系。各类地权习惯均体现出市场-产权逻辑。针对地权习惯,清代国家法从相互并不协调的诸种目的出发,产生诸种并不协调的应对态度。但相对较弱的国家能力,导致法律对地权的介入范围和力度有限。在诸种介入中,顺应产权与市场之要求的保护式介入较为成功,以反市场的逻辑取消原有契约与产权安排的干预式介入,则遭遇重重阻力。从近代大变局的角度出发,可以发现,由于国家权力与地权市场未能实现同步发育和良性互动,清朝这一政治经济体在近代国家建设和工业化等议题上,面临诸多严峻挑战。在近代的视域下,国家与市场的理想关系,应是一种和谐共生、互利共赢的状态。Land customs in the Qing Dynasty were steeped in the spirit of markets.Examining the response of Qing's state law to such customs not only helps to clarify the specific relationship between the state and markets at that time,but also provides an important case for testing relevant economic theories.Under various favorable institutional and ideological conditions,China in the Qing Dynasty had the most mature land right market system among pre-industrial societies.All types of land customs reflected the logic of markets and property rights.In the face of land customs,Qing's state law acted for various purposes that were not coordinated with each other and produced various uncoordinated responses.However,the relatively weak state capacity of the Qing Dynasty resulted in limited scope and intensity of legal involvement in land rights.Among various types of involvement,protectional involvement that complied with the requirements of property rights and markets was more successful,whereas interventional involvement,which was based on an anti-market logic and aimed at cancelling original contracts and property right arrangements,encountered many obstacles.From the perspective of the great changes since the mid-19th century,we can see that,because state power and land right markets failed to achieve simultaneous development and positive interaction,the political economy of the Qing Empire faced many severe challenges on issues such as state-building and industrialization.From a modern perspective,the ideal relationship between the state and markets should be a relationship of harmonious symbiosis and mutual benefit.

关 键 词：清代地权 习惯 一田多主 田赋征收 

分 类 号：D929[政治法律—法学] K249[历史地理—历史学]