在历史前进的逻辑中前进--尤里·沃罗宁谈对苏联社会主义的反思  

Advancing in the Logic of Historical Progress:Yuri Voronin's Reflections on Soviet Socialism

作　　者：周力 Zhou Li

机构地区：[1]中国人民争取和平与裁军协会

出　　处：《俄罗斯研究》2024年第4期3-17,共15页Russian Studies

摘　　要：在俄乌冲突久拖不决、美西方同俄罗斯激烈对抗的背景下,对苏联为什么解体、苏联社会主义为什么半途而废这些问题的讨论再度兴起。其中,尤里·沃罗宁撰写的几篇文章最具深度。沃罗宁认为,应该辩证地看待苏联社会主义的成功和失败。社会主义从来不是一个独立的、特殊的社会制度,而是即将退出的资本主义和即将到来的共产主义两种社会制度的结合体。回顾70多年的发展历程,苏联的计划经济体系之所以最终无法承受同西方跨国垄断资本主义的直接竞争,主要是因为除列宁之外的苏联几任最高领导人低估了社会主义建设进程的长期性和复杂性,包括过早地宣布社会主义在苏联已经“取得胜利”、进入了无对抗阶级社会,忽略社会主义物质文明和精神文明建设在西方垄断资本主义影响和干扰条件下可能出现的不稳定性和摇摆性等等。苏联解体后,俄罗斯奉行市场原教旨主义的发展方针,导致俄罗斯发展缓慢,有些领域十分落后。俄罗斯未来要发展壮大,必须走社会主义道路,必须借鉴中国、越南的经验,必须更加科学地认识什么是社会主义。Against the backdrop of the protracted Russian-Ukrainian conflict and the fierce confrontation between the United States,the West and Russia,discussions on why the Soviet Union collapsed and why Soviet socialism was abandoned halfway have re-emerged.Among them,several articles written by Yuri Voronin are the most profound.Voronin believes that the success and failure of Soviet socialism should be viewed dialectically.Socialism has never been an independent and special social system,but a combination of the two social systems of capitalism,which is about to withdraw,and communism,which is about to come.Looking back on the development process of more than 70 years,the reason why the Soviet planned economic system was ultimately unable to withstand direct competition with Western multinational monopoly capitalism was mainly because several Soviet top leaders,except Lenin,underestimated the long-term and complexity of the socialist construction process,including prematurely announcing that socialism had"won"in the Soviet Union and entered a classless society,ignoring the instability and vacillation that may occur in the construction of socialist material and spiritual civilization under the influence and interference of Western monopoly capitalism,etc.After the disintegration of the Soviet Union,Russia pursued a development policy of market fundamentalism,which led to Russia's slow development and backwardness in some areas.If Russia wants to grow and develop in the future,it must take the socialist road,must learn from the experience of China and Vietnam,and must have a more scientific understanding of what socialism is.

关 键 词：苏联社会主义 社会主义 尤里·沃罗宁 

分 类 号：D751.2[政治法律—政治学]