抗病毒天然免疫通路的双链RNA感受器  

Double-stranded RNA sensors in antiviral innate immunity

作　　者：韩晓鹏 刘珈泉 HAN Xiaopeng;LIU Jiaquan(Key Laboratory of RNA Innovation,Science and Engineering,Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science,Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai 200031,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院分子细胞科学卓越创新中心,上海生物化学与细胞生物学研究所,核糖核酸功能与应用重点实验室,上海200031

出　　处：《生命的化学》2024年第9期1693-1706,共14页Chemistry of Life

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(32071283);科技部重点研发计划项目(2021YFA1300503)。

摘　　要：天然免疫系统是机体抵抗病原体入侵的第一道防线,主要通过模式识别受体来识别病原相关分子模式。病毒核酸(包括DNA和RNA)是一类重要的病原相关分子模式,目前在细胞中已经鉴定出多种感知病毒核酸的模式识别受体,其中能够感知双链RNA的感受器在宿主防御病毒感染过程中具有至关重要的作用。此外,除了外源双链RNA分子,某些病理情况下自身RNA也会成为双链RNA感受器的激活剂,导致引发自身免疫性疾病。目前已经鉴定出的双链RNA感受器主要包括Toll样受体、RIG-Ⅰ样受体、NOD样受体、2′,5′-寡腺苷酸合成酶样受体和RNA依赖性蛋白激酶,这些受体在与病毒双链RNA结合后会引发一系列抗病毒反应,在机体健康与疾病预防中发挥着十分重要的作用。本文主要聚焦几类双链RNA感受器,并对相关蛋白家族的结构功能、配体种类以及免疫信号转导途径展开介绍。Innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogen,primarily recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs)through pattern recognition receptors(PRRs).Viral nucleic acids(including DNA and RNA)are a typical class of PAMPs.Various PRRs that sense nucleic acids have been identified in cells,among which receptors that detect double-stranded RNA(dsRNA)play a crucial role in host defense against viral infections.Furthermore,in addition to exogenous dsRNA molecules,endogenous RNA can also become activators of dsRNA sensors under certain pathological conditions,leading to autoimmune diseases.The identified dsRNA sensors include Toll-like receptors,RIG-I-like receptors,NODlike receptors,2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase-like receptors,and RNA-dependent protein kinases.These sensors,upon binding to viral dsRNA,trigger a series of antiviral immune responses,playing an essential role in maintaining health and preventing diseases.This article focuses on several types of dsRNA sensors,discussing the structure and function of proteins,types of ligands,and immune signaling pathways.

关 键 词：天然免疫 双链RNA感受器 模式识别受体 抗病毒信号传导 自身免疫疾病 

分 类 号：R392[医药卫生—免疫学]