冬麦播前耕作方式对麦玉轮作体系中玉米季土壤水分、籽粒灌浆特征及产量的影响  

Residual Effects of Tillage Regime on Soil Moisture Dynamics,Grain Filling Characteristics and Yield of Summer Maize in Wheat-Maize Double Cropping System

作　　者：刘水苗 关小康[1] 赵志恒 王景辉 刘世龙 高培萌 王艳丽 吴鹏年 高晨凯 李煜铭 邵京 于昊琳 王同朝[1] 温鹏飞 LIU ShuiMiao;GUAN XiaoKang;ZHAO ZhiHeng;WANG JingHui;LIU ShiLong;GAO PeiMeng;WANG YanLi;WU PengNian;GAO ChenKai;LI YuMing;SHAO Jing;YU HaoLin;WANG TongChao;WEN PengFei(College of Agronomy,Henan Agricultural University,Zhengzhou 450046;College of Resources and Environment,Henan Agricultural University,Zhengzhou 450046)

机构地区：[1]河南农业大学农学院,郑州450046 [2]河南农业大学资源与环境学院,郑州450046

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2024年第18期3568-3585,共18页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2023YFD2301500)。

摘　　要：【目的】黄淮海平原是我国典型的冬小麦-夏玉米周年轮作区,研究小麦季播前耕作对夏玉米产量形成的影响,为麦玉轮作模式下优化耕作模式以促进夏玉米高产稳产提供理论依据。【方法】基于6年长期定位试验,设置3种冬小麦播前耕作模式,连年深耕(deeptillage,DT)、连年免耕(no-tillage,NT)和一年深耕两年免耕的轮耕(rotationtillage,RT)。【结果】RT、DT处理较NT处理显著提高夏玉米灌浆期耕作扰动的0—40cm土层贮水量,RT处理较DT处理高4.89%—11.02%(2022年)和4.43%—6.06%(2023年),RT处理较NT处理高8.16%—16.69%(2022年)和6.78%—17.23%(2023年)。RT处理在玉米灌浆期仍能维持较高叶面积指数,灌浆期前中期RT处理叶面积指数较DT处理增加1.41%—14.28%(2022年)和9.03%—14.46%(2023年),较NT处理增加14.80%—27.56%(2022年)和21.25%—29.39%(2023年)。RT处理花后干物质转移对籽粒贡献率较DT、NT处理提高3.77%、40.36%(2022年)和7.26%、19.91%(2023年)。Logistic方程模拟结果表明3个灌浆阶段的参数大体表现为速增期>渐增期>缓增期,其三粒位表现下部籽粒>中部籽粒>上部籽粒,3个处理各参数变化均表现为RT>DT>NT,其中RT处理提前达到最大灌浆速率,且平均灌浆速率较DT、NT分别增加6.35%、8.06%(2022年)和6.34%、9.84%(2023年)。RT、DT处理百粒重较NT处理显著提高2.71%、6.03%(2022年)和9.02%、12.56%(2023年),RT处理产量较DT、NT处理显著提高8.92%、14.15%(2022年)和6.25%、19.45%(2023年)。分析产量形成结构方程模型可知,0—40 cm土层贮水量对产量的直接效应和间接效应分别为0.420和0.551,0—40 cm土层贮水量不仅能直接促进产量形成,还能通过地上部生物量以及平均灌浆速率影响产量。【结论】土壤贮水量是提高产量的重要驱动因子,RT能够提高夏玉米灌浆期土壤贮水量,从而增加叶面积指数,延缓叶片衰老时间,增加干物质积累,优化籽粒灌浆特性,促进干【Objective】The Huang-Huai-Hai Plain is a typical annual rotation area of winter wheat and summer maize in China,and the effect of pre-season tillage on the yield of summer maize in this area was studied,so as to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the tillage mode under the wheat-maize double cropping system to improve the high and stable yield of summer maize.【Method】Based on the 6-year long-term positioning experiment,three pre-sowing tillage modes of winter wheat were set up,including Deep tillage(DT),No-tillage(NT),and Rotation tillage(RT)with deep tillage for one year and two years,to explore the tillage mode with the greatest potential for increasing summer maize yield.【Result】RT and DT treatments significantly increased the soil water storage of 0-40 cm soil in tillage disturbance during the tillage period of summer maize at the grain filling stage,which was 4.89%to 11.02%(2022)and 4.43%to 6.06%(2023)higher than that under DT treatment,and 8.16%to 16.69%(2022)and 6.78%to 17.23%(2023)higher than that under NT treatments,respectively.RT treatment could maintain a high leaf area index at the maize grain filling stage,and the leaf area index under RT treatment increased by 1.41%to 14.28%(2022)and 9.03%to 14.46%(2023)compared with DT treatment before and during the grain filling stage,respectively and increased by 14.80%to 27.56%(2022)and 21.25%to 29.39%(2023)compared with NT treatment,respectively.Compared with DT and NT treatments,the contribution rate of dry matter transfer after anthesis to grain under RT treatment increased by 3.77%,40.36%(2022)and 7.26%,19.91%(2023),respectively.The results of logistic equation simulation showed that the parameters of the 3 grain filling stages were roughly in the order of rapid growth stage>gradual growth stage>slow growth stage,and the three grain positions showed the lower grain>the middle grain>the upper grain,and the changes of the parameters in the 3 treatments showed RT>DT>NT,in which the RT treatment reached the maximum grouting rate in advance,

关 键 词：耕作方式 夏玉米 土壤贮水量 干物质转运 籽粒灌浆 产量 小麦 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]